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This new image of the Antennae Galaxies shows obvious signs of chaos. Clouds of gas are seen in bright pink and red, surrounding the bright flashes of blue star-forming regions \\xe2\\x80\\x94 some of which are partially obscured by dark patches of dust. The rate of star formation is so high that the Antennae Galaxies are said to be in a state of starburst, a period in which all of the gas within the galaxies is being used to form stars. This cannot last forever and neither can the separate galaxies; eventually the nuclei will coalesce, and the galaxies will begin their retirement together as one large elliptical galaxy. This image uses visible and near-infrared observations from Hubble\\xe2\\x80\\x99s Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3), along with some of the previously-released observations from Hubble\\xe2\\x80\\x99s Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS).'", "Subject.Category": ["C.5.1.7"], "Subject.Name": ["NGC 4038", "Antennae", "NGC 4039", "Antennae Galaxies"], "Distance": ["65000000.0", null], "Distance.Notes": "b'from NED'", "ReferenceURL": "https://esahubble.org/images/potw1345a/", "Credit": "b'ESA/Hubble & NASA'", "Date": "2013-11-11T10:00:00", "ID": "potw1345a", "Type": "Observation", "Facility": ["Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope"], "Instrument": ["WFC3", "WFC3", "WFC3", "ACS", "ACS", "ACS", "ACS", "WFC3"], "Spectral.ColorAssignment": ["Blue", "Cyan", "Green", "Blue", "Cyan", "Red", "Orange", "Orange"], "Spectral.Band": 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License'", "Title": "b'Magnetic monster NGC 1275'", "Headline": "b''", "Description": "b\"This stunning image of NGC 1275 was taken using the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope's Advanced Camera for Surveys in July and August 2006. It provides amazing detail and resolution of the fragile filamentary structures, which show up as a reddish lacy structure surrounding the central bright galaxy NGC 1275. These filaments are cool despite being surrounded by gas that is around 55 million degrees Celsius hot. They are suspended in a magnetic field which maintains their structure and demonstrates how energy from the central black hole is transferred to the surrounding gas. By observing the filamentary structure, astronomers were, for the first time, able to estimate the magnetic field's strength. Using this information they demonstrated how the extragalactic magnetic fields have maintained the structure of the filaments against collapse caused by either gravitational forces or the violence of the surrounding cluster during their 100-million-year lifetime. This is the first time astronomers have been able to differentiate the individual threads making up such filaments to this degree. Astonishingly, they distinguished threads a mere 200 light-years across. By contrast, the filaments seen here can be a gaping 200 000 light-years long. The entire image is approximately 260 000 light-years across. Also seen in the image are impressive lanes of dust from a separate spiral galaxy. It  lies partly in front of the giant elliptical central cluster galaxy and has been completed disrupted by the tidal gravitational forces within the galaxy cluster. Several striking filaments of blue newborn stars are seen crossing the image.\"", "Subject.Category": ["C.5.3.2.2"], "Subject.Name": ["NGC 1275"], "Distance": ["237115686.0", null], "Distance.Notes": "b'Distance in light years from NED'", "ReferenceURL": "https://esahubble.org/images/heic0817a/", "Credit": "b'NASA, ESA and Andy Fabian (University of Cambridge, UK)'", "Date": "2008-08-20T19:00:00", "ID": "heic0817a", "Type": "Observation", "Facility": ["Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope"], "Instrument": ["ACS", "ACS", "ACS"], "Spectral.ColorAssignment": ["Blue", "Green", "Red"], "Spectral.Band": ["Optical", "Optical", "Optical"], "Spectral.Bandpass": ["B", "V", "R"], "Spectral.CentralWavelength": ["435", "550", "625"], "Temporal.StartTime": [null, null, null], "Temporal.IntegrationTime": ["", "", ""], "DatasetID": ["", "", ""], "Spectral.Notes": "b''", "Spatial.CoordinateFrame": "ICRS", "Spatial.Equinox": "J2000", "Spatial.ReferenceValue": ["49.9516191", "41.5113889"], "Spatial.ReferenceDimension": ["4633.0", "3590.0"], "Spatial.ReferencePixel": ["2317.5", "1796.0"], "Spatial.Scale": ["-1.38684e-05", "1.3868438e-05"], "Spatial.Rotation": "8.500", "Spatial.CoordsystemProjection": "TAN", "Spatial.Quality": "Full", "Spatial.Notes": "b'Data is calculated based on Simbad coordinates! Using this image as an overlay on a DSS background, a 5 arcsec (or so) difference is expected to be seen! '", "Publisher": "ESA/Hubble", "PublisherID": "esahubble", "ResourceID": "heic0817a", "ResourceURL": "http://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/original/heic0817a.tif", "MetadataDate": "2019-10-07T11:40:21.716171", "MetadataVersion": "1.1", "formats_url": {"banner1920": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/banner1920/heic0817a.jpg", "large": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/large/heic0817a.jpg", "medium": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/medium/heic0817a.jpg", "news": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/news/heic0817a.jpg", "newsfeature": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/newsfeature/heic0817a.jpg", "newsmini": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/newsmini/heic0817a.jpg", "original": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/original/heic0817a.tif", "pl_original": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/pl_original/heic0817a.tif", "pl_screen": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/pl_screen/heic0817a.jpg", "pl_thumbs": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/pl_thumbs/heic0817a.jpg", "portrait1080": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/portrait1080/heic0817a.jpg", "potwmedium": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/potwmedium/heic0817a.jpg", "publicationjpg": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/publicationjpg/heic0817a.jpg", "publicationtiff": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/publicationtiff/heic0817a.tif", "screen": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/screen/heic0817a.jpg", "screen640": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/screen640/heic0817a.jpg", "thumb150y": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/thumb150y/heic0817a.jpg", "thumb300y": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/thumb300y/heic0817a.jpg", "thumb350x": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/thumb350x/heic0817a.jpg", "thumb700x": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/thumb700x/heic0817a.jpg", "thumbs": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/thumbs/heic0817a.jpg", "wallpaper1": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/wallpaper1/heic0817a.jpg", "wallpaper2": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/wallpaper2/heic0817a.jpg", "wallpaper3": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/wallpaper3/heic0817a.jpg", "wallpaper4": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/wallpaper4/heic0817a.jpg", "wallpaper5": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/wallpaper5/heic0817a.jpg", "wallpaperthumbs": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/wallpaperthumbs/heic0817a.jpg", "zoomable": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/zoomable/heic0817a"}, "Resources": [{"ResourceType": "Original", "MediaType": "Image", "URL": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/original/heic0817a.tif", "FileSize": 36956700, "Dimensions": [4633, 3590], "ProjectionType": "Observation"}, {"ResourceType": "Large", "MediaType": "Image", "URL": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/large/heic0817a.jpg", "FileSize": 6798281, "Dimensions": [4633, 3590], "ProjectionType": "Observation"}, {"ResourceType": "Small", "MediaType": "Image", "URL": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/screen/heic0817a.jpg", "FileSize": 200177, "Dimensions": [1280.0, 992], "ProjectionType": "Observation"}, {"ResourceType": "Thumbnail", "MediaType": "Image", "URL": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/potwmedium/heic0817a.jpg", "FileSize": 8500, "Dimensions": [220.0, 140.0], "ProjectionType": "Observation"}, {"ResourceType": "Icon", "MediaType": "Image", "URL": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/newsmini/heic0817a.jpg", "FileSize": 4067, "Dimensions": [60.0, 47], "ProjectionType": "Observation"}]}, {"Creator": "ESA/Hubble", "CreatorURL": "https://esahubble.org", "Contact.Address": "b'ESA Office, Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Dr'", "Contact.City": "b'Baltimore'", "Contact.StateProvince": "b'MD'", "Contact.PostalCode": "b'21218'", "Contact.Country": "b'United States'", "Rights": "b'Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License'", "Title": "b'Hubble sees galaxies galore'", "Headline": "b''", "Description": "b'Galaxies, galaxies everywhere - as far as the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope can see. This view of nearly 10,000 galaxies is the deepest visible-light image of the cosmos. Called the Hubble Ultra Deep Field, this galaxy-studded view represents a \"deep\" core sample of the universe, cutting across billions of light-years. The snapshot includes galaxies of various ages, sizes, shapes, and colours. The smallest, reddest galaxies, about 100, may be among the most distant known, existing when the universe was just 800 million years old. The nearest galaxies - the larger, brighter, well-defined spirals and ellipticals - thrived about 1 billion years ago, when the cosmos was 13 billion years old. In vibrant contrast to the rich harvest of classic spiral and elliptical galaxies, there is a zoo of oddball galaxies littering the field. Some look like toothpicks; others like links on a bracelet. A few appear to be interacting. These oddball galaxies chronicle a period when the universe was younger and more chaotic. Order and structure were just beginning to emerge. The Ultra Deep Field observations, taken by the Advanced Camera for Surveys, represent a narrow, deep view of the cosmos. Peering into the Ultra Deep Field is like looking through a 2.5 metre-long soda straw. In ground-based photographs, the patch of sky in which the galaxies reside (just one-tenth the diameter of the full Moon) is largely empty. Located in the constellation Fornax, the region is so empty that only a handful of stars within the Milky Way galaxy can be seen in the image. In this image, blue and green correspond to colours that can be seen by the human eye, such as hot, young, blue stars and the glow of Sun-like stars in the disks of galaxies. Red represents near-infrared light, which is invisible to the human eye, such as the red glow of dust-enshrouded galaxies. The image required 800 exposures taken over the course of 400 Hubble orbits around Earth. The total amount of exposure time was 11.3 days, taken between Sept. 24, 2003 and Jan. 16, 2004.'", "Subject.Category": ["D.5.5.3"], "Subject.Name": ["Hubble Ultra Deep Field", "HUDF"], "Distance": [null, null], "Distance.Notes": "b''", "ReferenceURL": "https://esahubble.org/images/heic0406a/", "Credit": "b'NASA, ESA, and S. Beckwith (STScI) and the HUDF Team'", "Date": "2004-03-09T15:30:00", "ID": "heic0406a", "Type": "Observation", "Facility": ["Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope"], "Instrument": ["ACS", "ACS", "ACS"], "Spectral.ColorAssignment": ["Blue", "Green", "Red"], "Spectral.Band": ["Optical", "Optical", "Infrared"], "Spectral.Bandpass": ["B", "V", "I"], "Spectral.CentralWavelength": ["435", "606", "775"], "Temporal.StartTime": [null, null, null], "Temporal.IntegrationTime": ["", "", ""], "DatasetID": ["", "", ""], "Spectral.Notes": "b''", "Spatial.CoordinateFrame": "ICRS", "Spatial.Equinox": "J2000", "Spatial.ReferenceValue": ["53.162124144", "-27.7913917575"], "Spatial.ReferenceDimension": ["6200.0", "6200.0"], "Spatial.ReferencePixel": ["3100.0", "3100.0"], "Spatial.Scale": ["-8.34156504906e-06", "8.34156504906e-06"], "Spatial.Rotation": "46.54000000000007", "Spatial.CoordsystemProjection": "TAN", "Spatial.Quality": "Full", "Spatial.Notes": "b'Data is calculated based on Simbad coordinates! Using this image as an overlay on a DSS background, a 5 arcsec (or so) difference is expected to be seen! '", "Publisher": "ESA/Hubble", "PublisherID": "esahubble", "ResourceID": "heic0406a", "ResourceURL": "http://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/original/heic0406a.tif", "MetadataDate": "2019-10-07T11:40:21.739210", "MetadataVersion": "1.1", "formats_url": {"banner1920": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/banner1920/heic0406a.jpg", "large": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/large/heic0406a.jpg", "medium": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/medium/heic0406a.jpg", "news": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/news/heic0406a.jpg", "newsfeature": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/newsfeature/heic0406a.jpg", "newsmini": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/newsmini/heic0406a.jpg", "original": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/original/heic0406a.tif", "pl_original": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/pl_original/heic0406a.tif", "pl_screen": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/pl_screen/heic0406a.jpg", "pl_thumbs": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/pl_thumbs/heic0406a.jpg", "portrait1080": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/portrait1080/heic0406a.jpg", "potwmedium": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/potwmedium/heic0406a.jpg", "publicationjpg": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/publicationjpg/heic0406a.jpg", "publicationtiff": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/publicationtiff/heic0406a.tif", "screen": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/screen/heic0406a.jpg", "screen640": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/screen640/heic0406a.jpg", "thumb150y": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/thumb150y/heic0406a.jpg", "thumb300y": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/thumb300y/heic0406a.jpg", "thumb350x": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/thumb350x/heic0406a.jpg", "thumb700x": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/thumb700x/heic0406a.jpg", "thumbs": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/thumbs/heic0406a.jpg", "wallpaper1": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/wallpaper1/heic0406a.jpg", "wallpaper2": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/wallpaper2/heic0406a.jpg", "wallpaper3": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/wallpaper3/heic0406a.jpg", "wallpaper4": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/wallpaper4/heic0406a.jpg", "wallpaper5": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/wallpaper5/heic0406a.jpg", "wallpaperthumbs": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/wallpaperthumbs/heic0406a.jpg", "zoomable": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/zoomable/heic0406a"}, "Resources": [{"ResourceType": "Original", "MediaType": "Image", "URL": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/original/heic0406a.tif", "FileSize": 115358528, "Dimensions": [6200, 6200], "ProjectionType": "Observation", "Checksum": "3fa485221810da0da1623943c08086c829f71c01323dd1eec79d26b4116f3aad"}, {"ResourceType": "Large", "MediaType": "Image", "URL": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/large/heic0406a.jpg", "FileSize": 33940812, "Dimensions": [6200, 6200], "ProjectionType": "Observation"}, {"ResourceType": "Small", "MediaType": "Image", "URL": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/screen/heic0406a.jpg", "FileSize": 335359, "Dimensions": [1280.0, 1280], "ProjectionType": "Observation"}, {"ResourceType": "Thumbnail", "MediaType": "Image", "URL": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/potwmedium/heic0406a.jpg", "FileSize": 12982, "Dimensions": [220.0, 140.0], "ProjectionType": "Observation"}, {"ResourceType": "Icon", "MediaType": "Image", "URL": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/newsmini/heic0406a.jpg", "FileSize": 1245, "Dimensions": [60.0, 60], "ProjectionType": "Observation"}]}, {"Creator": "ESA/Hubble", "CreatorURL": "https://esahubble.org", "Contact.Address": "b'ESA Office, Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Dr'", "Contact.City": "b'Baltimore'", "Contact.StateProvince": "b'MD'", "Contact.PostalCode": "b'21218'", "Contact.Country": "b'United States'", "Rights": "b'Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License'", "Title": "b'The Stellar Forge'", "Headline": "b''", "Description": "b'An orange glow radiates from the centre of NGC 1792, the heart of this stellar forge. Captured by the\\xc2\\xa0NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, this intimate view of NGC 1792 gives us some insight into this galactic powerhouse. The vast swathes of tell-tale blue seen throughout the galaxy indicate areas that are full of young, hot stars, and it is in the shades of orange, seen nearer the centre, that the older, cooler stars reside. Nestled in the constellation of Columba (The Dove), NGC 1792 is both a spiral galaxy, and a starburst galaxy. Within starburst galaxies, stars are forming at comparatively exorbitant rates. The rate of star formation can be more than 10 times faster in a starburst galaxy than in the Milky Way. When galaxies have a large resevoir of gas, like NGC 1792, these short lived starburst phases can be sparked by galactic events such as mergers and tidal interactions. One might think that these starburst galaxies would easily consume all of their gas in a large forming event. However, supernova explosions and intense stellar winds produced in these powerful starbursts can inject energy into the gas and disperse it. This halts the star formation before it can completely deplete the galaxy of all its fuel. Scientists are actively working to understand this complex interplay between the dynamics that drive and quench these fierce bursts of star formation.'", "Subject.Category": ["C.5.1.1", "C.5.3.3"], "Subject.Name": ["NGC 1792"], "Distance": [null, null], "Distance.Notes": "b''", "ReferenceURL": "https://esahubble.org/images/potw2049a/", "Credit": "b'ESA/Hubble & NASA, J. 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"Contact.PostalCode": "b'21218'", "Contact.Country": "b'United States'", "Rights": "b'Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License'", "Title": "b'Hubble mosaic of the majestic Sombrero Galaxy'", "Headline": "b''", "Description": "b\"NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope has trained its razor-sharp eye on one of the universe's most stately and photogenic galaxies, the Sombrero galaxy, Messier 104 (M104). 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The whole nebula, about 4000 light-years away, is an incredible 55 light-years wide and 20 light-years tall. This image shows only a small part of this turbulent star-formation region, about four light-years across. This stunning nebula was first catalogued in 1654 by the Italian astronomer Giovanni Battista Hodierna, who sought to record nebulous objects in the night sky so they would not be mistaken for comets. Since Hodierna\\xe2\\x80\\x99s observations, the Lagoon Nebula has been photographed and analysed by many telescopes and astronomers all over the world. The observations were taken by Hubble\\xe2\\x80\\x99s Wide Field Camera 3 between 12 February and 18 February 2018.'", "Subject.Category": ["B.4.1.2"], "Subject.Name": ["Lagoon Nebula"], "Distance": ["4100.0", null], "Distance.Notes": "b''", "ReferenceURL": "https://esahubble.org/images/heic1808a/", "Credit": "b'NASA, ESA, STScI'", "Date": "2018-04-19T16:00:00", "ID": "heic1808a", "Type": "Observation", "Facility": ["Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope"], "Instrument": ["WFC3", "WFC3", "WFC3", "WFC3"], "Spectral.ColorAssignment": ["Luminosity", "Blue", "Green", "Red"], "Spectral.Band": ["Optical", "Optical", "Optical", "Optical"], "Spectral.Bandpass": ["y", "OIII", "H-alpha", "NII"], "Spectral.CentralWavelength": ["547", "502", "656", "658"], "Temporal.StartTime": [null, null, null, null], "Temporal.IntegrationTime": ["", "", "", ""], "DatasetID": ["", "", "", ""], "Spectral.Notes": "b''", "Spatial.CoordinateFrame": 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"ESA/Hubble", "CreatorURL": "https://esahubble.org", "Contact.Address": "b'ESA Office, Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Dr'", "Contact.City": "b'Baltimore'", "Contact.StateProvince": "b'MD'", "Contact.PostalCode": "b'21218'", "Contact.Country": "b'United States'", "Rights": "b'Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License'", "Title": "b'Spirals and supernovae'", "Headline": "b''", "Description": "b'This stunning image from Hubble shows the majestic galaxy NGC 1015, found nestled within the constellation of Cetus (The Whale) 118 million light-years from Earth. In this image, we see NGC 1015 face-on, with its beautifully symmetrical swirling arms and bright central bulge creating a scene akin to a sparkling Catherine wheel firework. NGC 1015 has a bright, fairly large centre and smooth, tightly wound spiral arms and a central \\xe2\\x80\\x9cbar\\xe2\\x80\\x9d of gas and stars. This shape leads NGC 1015 to be classified as a barred spiral galaxy \\xe2\\x80\\x94 just like our home, the Milky Way. Bars are found in around two-thirds of all spiral galaxies, and the arms of this galaxy swirl outwards from a pale yellow ring encircling the bar itself. Scientists believe that any hungry black holes lurking at the centre of barred spirals funnel gas and energy from the outer arms into the core via these glowing bars, feeding the black hole, fueling star birth at the centre and building up the galaxy\\xe2\\x80\\x99s central bulge. In 2009, a Type Ia supernova named SN 2009ig was spotted in NGC 1015 \\xe2\\x80\\x94 one of the bright dots to the upper right of the galaxy\\xe2\\x80\\x99s centre. These types of supernovae are extremely important: they are all caused by exploding white dwarfs which have companion stars, and always peak at the same brightness \\xe2\\x80\\x94 5 billion times brighter than the Sun. Knowing the true brightness of these events, and comparing this with their apparent brightness, gives astronomers a unique chance to measure distances in the Universe.'", "Subject.Category": ["C.5.1.1", "C.5.1.2"], "Subject.Name": ["NGC 1015"], "Distance": ["118000000.0", null], "Distance.Notes": "b''", "ReferenceURL": "https://esahubble.org/images/potw1811a/", "Credit": "b'ESA/Hubble & NASA, A. Riess (STScl/JHU)'", "Date": "2018-03-12T06:00:00", "ID": "potw1811a", "Type": "Observation", "Facility": ["Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope"], "Instrument": ["WFC3", "WFC3", "WFC3", "WFC3"], "Spectral.ColorAssignment": ["Luminosity", "Blue", "Green", "Red"], "Spectral.Band": ["Optical", "Optical", "Optical", "Infrared"], "Spectral.Bandpass": ["very broad", "V", "I", "H"], "Spectral.CentralWavelength": ["350", "555", "814", "1600"], "Temporal.StartTime": [null, null, null, null], "Temporal.IntegrationTime": ["", "", "", ""], "DatasetID": ["", "", "", ""], "Spectral.Notes": "b''", "Spatial.CoordinateFrame": "ICRS", "Spatial.Equinox": "J2000", "Spatial.ReferenceValue": ["39.548802881", "-1.31862171693"], "Spatial.ReferenceDimension": ["3928.0", "4538.0"], "Spatial.ReferencePixel": ["1964.0", "2269.0"], "Spatial.Scale": ["-8.3382087883e-06", "8.3382087883e-06"], "Spatial.Rotation": "-21.979999999999997", "Spatial.CoordsystemProjection": "TAN", "Spatial.Quality": "Full", "Spatial.Notes": "b''", "Publisher": "ESA/Hubble", "PublisherID": "esahubble", "ResourceID": "potw1811a", "ResourceURL": "http://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/original/potw1811a.tif", "MetadataDate": "2019-10-07T11:40:21.866320", "MetadataVersion": "1.1", "formats_url": {"banner1920": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/banner1920/potw1811a.jpg", "large": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/large/potw1811a.jpg", "medium": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/medium/potw1811a.jpg", "news": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/news/potw1811a.jpg", "newsfeature": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/newsfeature/potw1811a.jpg", "newsmini": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/newsmini/potw1811a.jpg", "original": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/original/potw1811a.tif", "portrait1080": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/portrait1080/potw1811a.jpg", 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"Contact.PostalCode": "b'21218'", "Contact.Country": "b'United States'", "Rights": "b'Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License'", "Title": "b'Butterfly emerges from stellar demise in planetary nebula NGC 6302'", "Headline": "b''", "Description": "b'This celestial object looks like a delicate butterfly. But it is far from serene. What resemble dainty butterfly wings are actually roiling cauldrons of gas heated to nearly 20 000 degrees Celsius. The gas is tearing across space at more than 950 000 kilometres per hour \\xe2\\x80\\x94 fast enough to travel from Earth to the Moon in 24 minutes! A dying star that was once about five times the mass of the Sun is at the centre of this fury. It has ejected its envelope of gases and is now unleashing a stream of ultraviolet radiation that is making the cast-off material glow. This object is an example of a planetary nebula, so-named because many of them have a round appearance resembling that of a planet when viewed through a small telescope. The Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3), a new camera aboard the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, snapped this image of the planetary nebula, catalogued as NGC 6302, but more popularly called the Bug Nebula or the Butterfly Nebula. WFC3 was installed by NASA astronauts in May 2009, during the Servicing Mission to upgrade and repair the 19-year-old Hubble. NGC 6302 lies within our Milky Way galaxy, roughly 3800 light-years away in the constellation of Scorpius. The glowing gas is the star\\'s outer layers, expelled over about 2200 years. The \"butterfly\" stretches for more than two light-years, which is about half the distance from the Sun to the nearest star, Proxima Centauri. The central star itself cannot be seen, because it is hidden within a doughnut-shaped ring of dust, which appears as a dark band pinching the nebula in the centre. The thick dust belt constricts the star\\'s outflow, creating the classic \"bipolar\" or hourglass shape displayed by some planetary nebulae. The star\\'s surface temperature is estimated to be over 220 000 degrees Celsius, making it one of the hottest known stars in our galaxy. Spectroscopic observations made with ground-based telescopes show that the gas is roughly 20 000 degrees Celsius, which is unusually hot compared to a typical planetary nebula. The WFC3 image reveals a complex history of ejections from the star. The star first evolved into a huge red giant, with a diameter of about 1000 times that of our Sun. It then lost its extended outer layers. Some of this gas was cast off from its equator at a relatively slow speed, perhaps as low as 32 000 kilometres per hour, creating the doughnut-shaped ring. Other gas was ejected perpendicular to the ring at higher speeds, producing the elongated \"wings\" of the butterfly-shaped structure. Later, as the central star heated up, a much faster stellar wind, a stream of charged particles travelling at more than 3.2 million kilometres per hour, ploughed through the existing wing-shaped structure, further modifying its shape. The image also shows numerous finger-like projections pointing back to the star, which may mark denser blobs in the outflow that have resisted the pressure from the stellar wind. The nebula\\'s reddish outer edges are largely due to light emitted by nitrogen, which marks the coolest gas visible in the picture. WFC3 is equipped with a wide variety of filters that isolate light emitted by various chemical elements, allowing astronomers to infer properties of the nebular gas, such as its temperature, density and composition. The white-coloured regions are areas where light is emitted by sulphur. These are regions where fast-moving gas overtakes and collides with slow-moving gas that left the star at an earlier time, producing shock waves in the gas (the bright white edges on the sides facing the central star). The white blob with the crisp edge at upper right is an example of one of those shock waves. NGC 6302 was imaged on 27 July 2009 with Hubble\\'s Wide Field Camera 3 in ultraviolet and visible light. Filters that isolate emissions from oxygen, helium, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulphur from the planetary nebula were used to create this composite image. These Hubble observations of the planetary nebula NGC 6302 are part of the Hubble Servicing Mission 4 Early Release Observations.'", "Subject.Category": ["B.4.1.3"], "Subject.Name": ["Bug Nebula", "NGC 6302", "Butterfly Nebula"], "Distance": ["3800.0", null], "Distance.Notes": "b''", "ReferenceURL": "https://esahubble.org/images/heic0910h/", "Credit": "b'NASA, ESA and the Hubble SM4 ERO Team'", "Date": "2009-09-09T17:00:00", "ID": "heic0910h", "Type": "Observation", "Facility": ["Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope"], "Instrument": ["WFC3", "WFC3", "WFC3", "WFC3", "WFC3", "WFC3"], "Spectral.ColorAssignment": ["Purple", "Blue", "Cyan", "Orange", "Orange", "Grayscale"], "Spectral.Band": ["Ultraviolet", "Optical", "Optical", "Optical", "Optical", "Optical"], "Spectral.Bandpass": ["U", "HeII", "OIII", "H-alpha", "NII", "SII"], "Spectral.CentralWavelength": ["373", "469", "502", "656", "658", "673"], "Temporal.StartTime": [null, null, null, null, null, null], "Temporal.IntegrationTime": ["", "", "", "", "", ""], "DatasetID": ["", "", "", "", "", ""], "Spectral.Notes": "b''", "Spatial.CoordinateFrame": "ICRS", "Spatial.Equinox": "J2000", "Spatial.ReferenceValue": ["258.432321823", "-37.1034752703"], "Spatial.ReferenceDimension": ["3527.0", "4110.0"], "Spatial.ReferencePixel": ["1764.5", "2056.0"], "Spatial.Scale": ["-1.11074e-05", "1.1107446e-05"], "Spatial.Rotation": "-128.400", "Spatial.CoordsystemProjection": "TAN", "Spatial.Quality": "Full", "Spatial.Notes": "b'Data is calculated based on Simbad coordinates! Using this image as an overlay on a DSS background, a 5 arcsec (or so) difference is expected to be seen!'", "Publisher": "ESA/Hubble", "PublisherID": "esahubble", "ResourceID": "heic0910h", "ResourceURL": "http://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/original/heic0910h.tif", "MetadataDate": "2021-08-24T14:30:57.196563", "MetadataVersion": "1.1", "formats_url": {"banner1920": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/banner1920/heic0910h.jpg", "large": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/large/heic0910h.jpg", "medium": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/medium/heic0910h.jpg", "news": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/news/heic0910h.jpg", "newsfeature": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/newsfeature/heic0910h.jpg", "newsmini": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/newsmini/heic0910h.jpg", "original": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/original/heic0910h.tif", "portrait1080": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/portrait1080/heic0910h.jpg", "poster400y": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/poster400y/heic0910h.jpg", "potwmedium": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/potwmedium/heic0910h.jpg", "publicationjpg": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/publicationjpg/heic0910h.jpg", "publicationtiff": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/publicationtiff/heic0910h.tif", "screen": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/screen/heic0910h.jpg", "screen640": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/screen640/heic0910h.jpg", "thumb150y": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/thumb150y/heic0910h.jpg", "thumb300y": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/thumb300y/heic0910h.jpg", "thumb350x": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/thumb350x/heic0910h.jpg", "thumb700x": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/thumb700x/heic0910h.jpg", "thumbs": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/thumbs/heic0910h.jpg", "wallpaper1": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/wallpaper1/heic0910h.jpg", "wallpaper2": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/wallpaper2/heic0910h.jpg", "wallpaper3": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/wallpaper3/heic0910h.jpg", "wallpaper4": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/wallpaper4/heic0910h.jpg", "wallpaper5": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/wallpaper5/heic0910h.jpg", "wallpaperthumbs": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/wallpaperthumbs/heic0910h.jpg", "zoomable": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/zoomable/heic0910h"}, "Resources": [{"ResourceType": "Original", "MediaType": "Image", "URL": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/original/heic0910h.tif", "FileSize": 26646620, "Dimensions": [3526, 4110], "ProjectionType": "Observation"}, {"ResourceType": "Large", "MediaType": "Image", "URL": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/large/heic0910h.jpg", "FileSize": 3897356, "Dimensions": [3526, 4110], "ProjectionType": "Observation"}, {"ResourceType": "Small", "MediaType": "Image", "URL": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/screen/heic0910h.jpg", "FileSize": 315102, "Dimensions": [1280.0, 1493], "ProjectionType": "Observation"}, {"ResourceType": "Thumbnail", "MediaType": "Image", "URL": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/potwmedium/heic0910h.jpg", "FileSize": 10886, "Dimensions": [220.0, 140.0], "ProjectionType": "Observation"}, {"ResourceType": "Icon", "MediaType": "Image", "URL": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/newsmini/heic0910h.jpg", "FileSize": 6148, "Dimensions": [60.0, 70], "ProjectionType": "Observation"}]}, {"Creator": "ESA/Hubble", "CreatorURL": "https://esahubble.org", "Contact.Address": "b'ESA Office, Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Dr'", "Contact.City": "b'Baltimore'", "Contact.StateProvince": "b'MD'", "Contact.PostalCode": "b'21218'", "Contact.Country": "b'United States'", "Rights": "b'Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License'", "Title": "b\"Hubble's sharpest view of the Orion Nebula\"", "Headline": "b''", "Description": "b'This dramatic image offers a peek inside a cavern of roiling dust and gas where thousands of stars are forming. The image, taken by the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) aboard NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, represents the sharpest view ever taken of this region, called the Orion Nebula. More than 3,000 stars of various sizes appear in this image. Some of them have never been seen in visible light. These stars reside in a dramatic dust-and-gas landscape of plateaus, mountains, and valleys that are reminiscent of the Grand Canyon. The Orion Nebula is a picture book of star formation, from the massive, young stars that are shaping the nebula to the pillars of dense gas that may be the homes of budding stars. The bright central region is the home of the four heftiest stars in the nebula. The stars are called the Trapezium because they are arranged in a trapezoid pattern. Ultraviolet light unleashed by these stars is carving a cavity in the nebula and disrupting the growth of hundreds of smaller stars. Located near the Trapezium stars are stars still young enough to have disks of material encircling them. These disks are called protoplanetary disks or \"proplyds\" and are too small to see clearly in this image. The disks are the building blocks of solar systems. The bright glow at upper left is from M43, a small region being shaped by a massive, young star\\'s ultraviolet light. Astronomers call the region a miniature Orion Nebula because only one star is sculpting the landscape. The Orion Nebula has four such stars. Next to M43 are dense, dark pillars of dust and gas that point toward the Trapezium. These pillars are resisting erosion from the Trapezium\\'s intense ultraviolet light. The glowing region on the right reveals arcs and bubbles formed when stellar winds - streams of charged particles ejected from the Trapezium stars - collide with material. The faint red stars near the bottom are the myriad brown dwarfs that Hubble spied for the first time in the nebula in visible light. Sometimes called \"failed stars,\" brown dwarfs are cool objects that are too small to be ordinary stars because they cannot sustain nuclear fusion in their cores the way our Sun does. The dark red column, below, left, shows an illuminated edge of the cavity wall. The Orion Nebula is 1,500 light-years away, the nearest star-forming region to Earth. Astronomers used 520 Hubble images, taken in five colours, to make this picture. They also added ground-based photos to fill out the nebula. The ACS mosaic covers approximately the apparent angular size of the full moon. The Orion observations were taken between 2004 and 2005.'", "Subject.Category": ["B.4.1.2", "B.4.2.1.1"], "Subject.Name": ["Messier 42", "Orion Nebula", "Messier 43"], "Distance": ["1350.0", null], "Distance.Notes": "b'Distance in light years to the Orion Nebula.'", "ReferenceURL": "https://esahubble.org/images/heic0601a/", "Credit": "b'NASA, ESA, M. Robberto ( Space Telescope Science Institute/ESA) and the Hubble Space Telescope Orion Treasury Project Team'", "Date": "2006-01-11T16:00:00", "ID": "heic0601a", "Type": "Observation", "Facility": ["Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope"], "Instrument": ["ACS", "ACS", "ACS", "ACS", "ACS", "ACS"], "Spectral.ColorAssignment": ["Blue", null, "Green", "Orange", "Red", "Red"], "Spectral.Band": ["Optical", null, "Optical", "Optical", "Infrared", "Infrared"], "Spectral.Bandpass": ["B", "", "V", "H-alpha", "I", "Z"], "Spectral.CentralWavelength": ["435", "", "555", "658", "775", "850"], "Temporal.StartTime": [null, null, null, null, null, null], "Temporal.IntegrationTime": ["", "", "", "", "", ""], "DatasetID": ["", "", "", "", "", ""], "Spectral.Notes": "b'Additional observational data from the WFI instrument on the ESO.MPG 2.2-metre telescope.'", "Spatial.CoordinateFrame": "ICRS", "Spatial.Equinox": "J2000", "Spatial.ReferenceValue": ["83.7905320053", "-5.41397796614"], "Spatial.ReferenceDimension": ["18000.0", "18000.0"], "Spatial.ReferencePixel": ["9000.0", "9000.0"], "Spatial.Scale": ["-2.78028143237e-05", "2.78028143237e-05"], "Spatial.Rotation": "0", "Spatial.CoordsystemProjection": "TAN", "Spatial.Quality": "Full", "Spatial.Notes": "b'Data is calculated based on Simbad coordinates! Using this image as an overlay on a DSS background, a 5 arcsec (or so) difference is expected to be seen! '", "Publisher": "ESA/Hubble", "PublisherID": "esahubble", "ResourceID": "heic0601a", "ResourceURL": "http://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/original/heic0601a.tif", "MetadataDate": "2019-10-07T11:40:21.909767", "MetadataVersion": "1.1", "formats_url": {"banner1920": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/banner1920/heic0601a.jpg", "large": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/large/heic0601a.jpg", "medium": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/medium/heic0601a.jpg", "news": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/news/heic0601a.jpg", "newsfeature": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/newsfeature/heic0601a.jpg", "newsmini": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/newsmini/heic0601a.jpg", "original": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/original/heic0601a.tif", "pl_original": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/pl_original/heic0601a.tif", "pl_screen": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/pl_screen/heic0601a.jpg", "pl_thumbs": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/pl_thumbs/heic0601a.jpg", "portrait1080": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/portrait1080/heic0601a.jpg", "potwmedium": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/potwmedium/heic0601a.jpg", "publicationjpg": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/publicationjpg/heic0601a.jpg", "publicationtiff": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/publicationtiff/heic0601a.tif", "screen": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/screen/heic0601a.jpg", "screen640": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/screen640/heic0601a.jpg", "thumb150y": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/thumb150y/heic0601a.jpg", "thumb300y": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/thumb300y/heic0601a.jpg", "thumb350x": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/thumb350x/heic0601a.jpg", "thumb700x": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/thumb700x/heic0601a.jpg", "thumbs": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/thumbs/heic0601a.jpg", "wallpaper1": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/wallpaper1/heic0601a.jpg", "wallpaper2": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/wallpaper2/heic0601a.jpg", "wallpaper3": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/wallpaper3/heic0601a.jpg", "wallpaper4": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/wallpaper4/heic0601a.jpg", "wallpaper5": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/wallpaper5/heic0601a.jpg", "wallpaperthumbs": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/wallpaperthumbs/heic0601a.jpg", "zoomable": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/zoomable/heic0601a"}, "Resources": [{"ResourceType": "Original", "MediaType": "Image", "URL": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/original/heic0601a.tif", "FileSize": 403820444, "Dimensions": [18000, 18000], "ProjectionType": "Observation", "Checksum": "afd0a10f5a8c8518d26a453df2a9315d15ad4abf0087297266196a2dd8116f69"}, {"ResourceType": "Large", "MediaType": "Image", "URL": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/large/heic0601a.jpg", "FileSize": 38661959, "Dimensions": [18000, 18000], "ProjectionType": "Observation"}, {"ResourceType": "Small", "MediaType": "Image", "URL": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/screen/heic0601a.jpg", "FileSize": 183522, "Dimensions": [1280.0, 1280], "ProjectionType": "Observation"}, {"ResourceType": "Thumbnail", "MediaType": "Image", "URL": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/potwmedium/heic0601a.jpg", "FileSize": 11613, "Dimensions": [220.0, 140.0], "ProjectionType": "Observation"}, {"ResourceType": "Icon", "MediaType": "Image", "URL": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/newsmini/heic0601a.jpg", "FileSize": 1358, "Dimensions": [60.0, 60], "ProjectionType": "Observation"}]}, {"Creator": "ESA/Hubble", "CreatorURL": "https://esahubble.org", "Contact.Address": "b'ESA Office, Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Dr'", "Contact.City": "b'Baltimore'", "Contact.StateProvince": "b'MD'", "Contact.PostalCode": "b'21218'", "Contact.Country": "b'United States'", "Rights": "b'Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License'", "Title": "b'Young stars sculpt gas with powerful outflows'", "Headline": "b''", "Description": "b'This Hubble Space Telescope view shows one of the most dynamic and intricately detailed star-forming regions in space, located 210,000 light-years away in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), a satellite galaxy of our Milky Way. At the centre of the region is a brilliant star cluster called NGC 346. A dramatic structure of arched, ragged filaments with a distinct ridge surrounds the cluster. \\xc2\\xa0 A torrent of radiation from the hot stars in the cluster NGC 346, at the centre of this Hubble image, eats into denser areas around it, creating a fantasy sculpture of dust and gas. The dark, intricately beaded edge of the ridge, seen in silhouette, is particularly dramatic. It contains several small dust globules that point back towards the central cluster, like windsocks caught in a gale.'", "Subject.Category": ["C.4.1.2", "C.3.6.4"], "Subject.Name": ["NGC 346", "N66"], "Distance": ["170000.0", null], "Distance.Notes": "b''", "ReferenceURL": "https://esahubble.org/images/heic0514a/", "Credit": "b'NASA, ESA and A. Nota (ESA/STScI, STScI/AURA)'", "Date": "2005-11-10T19:00:00", "ID": "heic0514a", "Type": "Observation", "Facility": ["Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope"], "Instrument": ["ACS", "ACS", "ACS"], "Spectral.ColorAssignment": ["Blue", "Green", "Red"], "Spectral.Band": ["Optical", "Infrared", "Optical"], "Spectral.Bandpass": ["V", "I", "H-alpha"], "Spectral.CentralWavelength": ["555", "814", "658"], "Temporal.StartTime": [null, null, null], "Temporal.IntegrationTime": ["", "", ""], "DatasetID": ["", "", ""], "Spectral.Notes": "b''", "Spatial.CoordinateFrame": "ICRS", "Spatial.Equinox": "J2000", "Spatial.ReferenceValue": ["14.7800519925", "-72.1747567782"], "Spatial.ReferenceDimension": ["3221.0", "3761.0"], "Spatial.ReferencePixel": ["1611.5", "1881.5"], "Spatial.Scale": ["-1.38978111096e-05", "1.38978111096e-05"], "Spatial.Rotation": "-181.16320083902832", "Spatial.CoordsystemProjection": "TAN", "Spatial.Quality": "Full", "Spatial.Notes": "b'Data is calculated based on Simbad coordinates! Using this image as an overlay on a DSS background, a 5 arcsec (or so) difference is expected to be seen! '", "Publisher": "ESA/Hubble", "PublisherID": "esahubble", "ResourceID": "heic0514a", "ResourceURL": "http://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/original/heic0514a.tif", "MetadataDate": "2019-10-07T11:40:21.930451", "MetadataVersion": "1.1", "formats_url": {"banner1920": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/banner1920/heic0514a.jpg", "large": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/large/heic0514a.jpg", "medium": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/medium/heic0514a.jpg", "news": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/news/heic0514a.jpg", "newsfeature": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/newsfeature/heic0514a.jpg", "newsmini": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/newsmini/heic0514a.jpg", "original": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/original/heic0514a.tif", "pl_original": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/pl_original/heic0514a.tif", "pl_screen": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/pl_screen/heic0514a.jpg", "pl_thumbs": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/pl_thumbs/heic0514a.jpg", "portrait1080": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/portrait1080/heic0514a.jpg", "potwmedium": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/potwmedium/heic0514a.jpg", "screen": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/screen/heic0514a.jpg", "screen640": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/screen640/heic0514a.jpg", "thumb150y": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/thumb150y/heic0514a.jpg", "thumb300y": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/thumb300y/heic0514a.jpg", "thumb350x": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/thumb350x/heic0514a.jpg", "thumb700x": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/thumb700x/heic0514a.jpg", "thumbs": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/thumbs/heic0514a.jpg", "wallpaper1": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/wallpaper1/heic0514a.jpg", "wallpaper2": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/wallpaper2/heic0514a.jpg", "wallpaper3": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/wallpaper3/heic0514a.jpg", "wallpaper4": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/wallpaper4/heic0514a.jpg", "wallpaper5": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/wallpaper5/heic0514a.jpg", "wallpaperthumbs": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/wallpaperthumbs/heic0514a.jpg", "zoomable": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/zoomable/heic0514a"}, "Resources": [{"ResourceType": "Original", "MediaType": "Image", "URL": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/original/heic0514a.tif", "FileSize": 30270882, "Dimensions": [3221, 3761], "ProjectionType": "Observation"}, {"ResourceType": "Large", "MediaType": "Image", "URL": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/large/heic0514a.jpg", "FileSize": 6946740, "Dimensions": [3221, 3761], "ProjectionType": "Observation"}, {"ResourceType": "Small", "MediaType": "Image", "URL": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/screen/heic0514a.jpg", "FileSize": 728735, "Dimensions": [1280.0, 1495], "ProjectionType": "Observation"}, {"ResourceType": "Thumbnail", "MediaType": "Image", "URL": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/potwmedium/heic0514a.jpg", "FileSize": 17020, "Dimensions": [220.0, 140.0], "ProjectionType": "Observation"}, {"ResourceType": "Icon", "MediaType": "Image", "URL": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/newsmini/heic0514a.jpg", "FileSize": 1882, "Dimensions": [60.0, 71], "ProjectionType": "Observation"}]}, {"Creator": "ESA/Hubble", "CreatorURL": "https://esahubble.org", "Contact.Address": "b'ESA Office, Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Dr'", "Contact.City": "b'Baltimore'", "Contact.StateProvince": "b'MD'", "Contact.PostalCode": "b'21218'", "Contact.Country": "b'United States'", "Rights": "b'Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License'", "Title": "b'The Eagle has risen: stellar spire in the Eagle Nebula'", "Headline": "b''", "Description": "b\"Appearing like a winged fairy-tale creature poised on a pedestal, this object is actually a billowing tower of cold gas and dust rising from a stellar nursery called the Eagle Nebula. The soaring tower is 9.5 light-years or about 90 trillion kilometres high, about twice the distance from our Sun to the next nearest star. Stars in the Eagle Nebula are born in clouds of cold hydrogen gas that reside in chaotic neighbourhoods, where energy from young stars sculpts fantasy-like landscapes in the gas. The tower may be a giant incubator for those newborn stars. A torrent of ultraviolet light from a band of massive, hot, young stars [off the top of the image] is eroding the pillar. The starlight also is responsible for illuminating the tower's rough surface. Ghostly streamers of gas can be seen boiling off this surface, creating the haze around the structure and highlighting its three-dimensional shape. The column is silhouetted against the background glow of more distant gas. The edge of the dark hydrogen cloud at the top of the tower is resisting erosion, in a manner similar to that of brush among a field of prairie grass that is being swept up by fire. The fire quickly burns the grass but slows down when it encounters the dense brush. In this celestial case, thick clouds of hydrogen gas and dust have survived longer than their surroundings in the face of a blast of ultraviolet light from the hot, young stars. Inside the gaseous tower, stars may be forming. Some of those stars may have been created by dense gas collapsing under gravity. Other stars may be forming due to pressure from gas that has been heated by the neighbouring hot stars. The first wave of stars may have started forming before the massive star cluster began venting its scorching light. The star birth may have begun when denser regions of cold gas within the tower started collapsing under their own weight to make stars. The bumps and fingers of material in the centre of the tower are examples of these stellar birthing areas. These regions may look small but they are roughly the size of our solar system. The fledgling stars continued to grow as they fed off the surrounding gas cloud. They abruptly stopped growing when light from the star cluster uncovered their gaseous cradles, separating them from their gas supply. Ironically, the young cluster's intense starlight may be inducing star formation in some regions of the tower. Examples can be seen in the large, glowing clumps and finger-shaped protrusions at the top of the structure. The stars may be heating the gas at the top of the tower and creating a shock front, as seen by the bright rim of material tracing the edge of the nebula at top, left. As the heated gas expands, it acts like a battering ram, pushing against the darker cold gas. The intense pressure compresses the gas, making it easier for stars to form. This scenario may continue as the shock front moves slowly down the tower. The dominant colours in the image were produced by gas energized by the star cluster's powerful ultraviolet light. The blue colour at the top is from glowing oxygen. The red colon in the lower region is from glowing hydrogen. The Eagle Nebula image was taken in November 2004 with the Advanced Camera for Surveys aboard the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope.\"", "Subject.Category": ["B.4.1.2"], "Subject.Name": ["Eagle Nebula", "Messier 16"], "Distance": ["7000.0", null], "Distance.Notes": "b''", "ReferenceURL": "https://esahubble.org/images/heic0506b/", "Credit": "b'NASA, ESA, and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)'", "Date": "2005-04-25T06:00:00", "ID": "heic0506b", "Type": "Observation", "Facility": ["Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope"], "Instrument": ["ACS", "ACS", "ACS", "ACS", "ACS"], "Spectral.ColorAssignment": ["Blue", "Blue", "Green", "Red", "Red"], "Spectral.Band": ["Optical", "Optical", "Optical", "Optical", "Infrared"], "Spectral.Bandpass": ["B", "Oiii", "V", "H-alpha + Nii", "I"], "Spectral.CentralWavelength": ["435", "502", "555", "658", "814"], "Temporal.StartTime": [null, null, null, null, null], 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The Hubble telescope captured a display of starlight, glowing gas, and silhouetted dark clouds of interstellar dust in this 4-foot-by-8-foot image of the barred spiral galaxy NGC 1300. NGC 1300 is considered to be prototypical of barred spiral galaxies. Barred spirals differ from normal spiral galaxies in that the arms of the galaxy do not spiral all the way into the center, but are connected to the two ends of a straight bar of stars containing the nucleus at its center.'", "Subject.Category": ["C.5.1.2", "C.5.1.1"], "Subject.Name": ["NGC 1300"], "Distance": ["62237159.0", null], "Distance.Notes": "b'Distance in light years from NED'", "ReferenceURL": "https://esahubble.org/images/opo0501a/", "Credit": "b'NASA, ESA, and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)'", "Date": "2005-01-11T01:00:00", "ID": "opo0501a", "Type": "Observation", "Facility": ["Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope"], "Instrument": ["ACS", "ACS", "ACS", "ACS"], "Spectral.ColorAssignment": [null, null, null, null], "Spectral.Band": ["Optical", "Optical", "Optical", "Infrared"], "Spectral.Bandpass": ["B", "V", "H-alpha", "I"], "Spectral.CentralWavelength": ["435", "555", "658", "814"], "Temporal.StartTime": 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"CreatorURL": "https://esahubble.org", "Contact.Address": "b'ESA Office, Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Dr'", "Contact.City": "b'Baltimore'", "Contact.StateProvince": "b'MD'", "Contact.PostalCode": "b'21218'", "Contact.Country": "b'United States'", "Rights": "b'Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License'", "Title": "b\"Hubble's newest camera images ghostly star-forming pillar of gas and dust\"", "Headline": "b''", "Description": "b'Resembling a nightmarish beast rearing its head from a crimson sea, this celestial object is actually just a pillar of gas and dust. Called the Cone Nebula (in NGC 2264) - so named because in ground-based images it has a conical shape - this monstrous pillar resides in a turbulent star-forming region. This picture, taken by the newly installed Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) aboard the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, shows the upper 2.5 light-years of the Cone, a height that equals 23 million roundtrips to the Moon. The entire pillar is seven light-years long. Radiation from hot, young stars (located beyond the top of the image) has slowly eroded the nebula over millions of years. Ultraviolet light heats the edges of the dark cloud, releasing gas into the relatively empty region of surrounding space. There, additional ultraviolet radiation causes the hydrogen gas to glow, which produces the red halo of light seen around the pillar. A similar process occurs on a much smaller scale to gas surrounding a single star, forming the bow-shaped arc seen near the upper left side of the Cone. This arc, seen previously with the Hubble telescope, is 65 times larger than the diameter of our Solar System. The blue-white light from surrounding stars is reflected by dust. Background stars can be seen peeking through the evaporating tendrils of gas, while the turbulent base is pockmarked with stars reddened by dust. Over time, only the densest regions of the Cone will be left. But inside these regions, stars and planets may form. The Cone Nebula resides 2500 light-years away in the constellation Monoceros. The Cone is a cousin of the M16 pillars, which the Hubble telescope imaged in 1995. Consisting mainly of cold gas, the pillars in both regions resist being eroded away by the blistering ultraviolet radiation from young, massive stars. Pillars like the Cone and M16 are common in large regions of star birth. Astronomers believe that these pillars may be incubators for developing stars. The ACS made this observation on 2 April 2002. The colour image is constructed from three separate images taken in blue, near-infrared, and hydrogen-alpha filters. Image credit: NASA, the ACS Science Team (H. Ford, G. Illingworth, M. Clampin, G. Hartig, T. Allen, K. Anderson, F. Bartko, N. Benitez, J. Blakeslee, R. Bouwens, T. Broadhurst, R. Brown, C. Burrows, D. Campbell, E. Cheng, N. Cross, P. Feldman, M. Franx, D. Golimowski, C. Gronwall, R. Kimble, J. Krist, M. Lesser, D. Magee, A. Martel, W. J. McCann, G. Meurer, G. Miley, M. Postman, P. Rosati, M. Sirianni, W. Sparks, P. Sullivan, H. Tran, Z. Tsvetanov, R. White, and R. Woodruff) and ESA'", "Subject.Category": ["B.4"], "Subject.Name": ["Cone Nebula", "NGC 2264"], "Distance": ["2900.0", null], "Distance.Notes": "b'Distance to NGC2264 in light years from AJ\\r\\n(http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AJ....138..963B)'", "ReferenceURL": "https://esahubble.org/images/heic0206c/", "Credit": "b'NASA, Holland Ford (JHU), the ACS Science Team and ESA'", "Date": "2002-04-30T15:00:00", "ID": "heic0206c", "Type": "Observation", "Facility": ["Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope"], "Instrument": ["ACS", "ACS", "ACS"], "Spectral.ColorAssignment": ["Blue", "Green", "Red"], "Spectral.Band": ["Optical", "Infrared", "Optical"], "Spectral.Bandpass": ["B", "I", "H-alpha"], "Spectral.CentralWavelength": ["435", "814", "658"], "Temporal.StartTime": [null, null, null], "Temporal.IntegrationTime": ["", "", ""], "DatasetID": ["", "", ""], "Spectral.Notes": "b''", "Spatial.CoordinateFrame": "ICRS", "Spatial.Equinox": "J2000", 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[4136, 3102], "ProjectionType": "Observation"}, {"ResourceType": "Large", "MediaType": "Image", "URL": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/large/heic0206c.jpg", "FileSize": 5300456, "Dimensions": [4136, 3102], "ProjectionType": "Observation"}, {"ResourceType": "Small", "MediaType": "Image", "URL": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/screen/heic0206c.jpg", "FileSize": 155091, "Dimensions": [1280.0, 960], "ProjectionType": "Observation"}, {"ResourceType": "Thumbnail", "MediaType": "Image", "URL": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/potwmedium/heic0206c.jpg", "FileSize": 5099, "Dimensions": [220.0, 140.0], "ProjectionType": "Observation"}, {"ResourceType": "Icon", "MediaType": "Image", "URL": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/newsmini/heic0206c.jpg", "FileSize": 1068, "Dimensions": [60.0, 45], "ProjectionType": "Observation"}]}, {"Creator": "ESA/Hubble", "CreatorURL": "https://esahubble.org", "Contact.Address": "b'ESA Office, Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Dr'", "Contact.City": "b'Baltimore'", "Contact.StateProvince": "b'MD'", "Contact.PostalCode": "b'21218'", "Contact.Country": "b'United States'", "Rights": "b'Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License'", "Title": "b\"A 'wallpaper' of distant galaxies is a stunning backdrop for a runaway galaxy\"", "Headline": "b''", "Description": "b\"Against a stunning backdrop of thousands of galaxies, this odd-looking galaxy with the long streamer of stars appears to be racing through space, like a runaway pinwheel firework. This picture of the galaxy UGC 10214 was taken by the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS), which was installed aboard the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope in March during Servicing Mission 3B. Dubbed the 'Tadpole', this spiral galaxy is unlike the textbook images of stately galaxies. Its distorted shape was caused by a small interloper, a very blue, compact, galaxy visible in the upper left corner of the more massive Tadpole. The Tadpole resides about 420 million light-years away in the constellation Draco. Seen shining through the Tadpole's disc, the tiny intruder is likely a hit and run galaxy that is now leaving the scene of the accident. Strong gravitational forces from the interaction created the long tail of stars and gas stretching out more than 280 000 light-years. Numerous young blue stars and star clusters, spawned by the galaxy collision, are seen in the spiral arms, as well as in the long 'tidal' tail of stars. Each of these clusters represents the formation of up to about a million stars. Their colour is blue because they contain very massive stars, which are 10 times hotter and 1 million times brighter than our Sun. Once formed, the star clusters become redder with age as the most massive and bluest stars exhaust their fuel and burn out. These clusters will eventually become old globular clusters similar to those found in essentially all halos of galaxies, including our own Milky Way. Two prominent clumps of young bright blue stars are visible in the tidal tale and separated by a gap. These clumps of stars will likely become dwarf galaxies that orbit in the Tadpole's halo. Behind the galactic carnage and torrent of star birth is another compelling picture: a 'wallpaper pattern' of about 3000 faint galaxies. These galaxies represent twice the number of those found in the legendary Hubble Deep Field, the orbiting observatory's 'deepest' view of the heavens, taken in 1995 by the Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2. The galaxies in the ACS picture, like those in the Hubble Deep Field, stretch back to nearly the beginning of time. They are a myriad of shapes and represent fossil samples of the Universe's 13-billion-year evolution. The ACS picture was taken in one-twelfth the time it took to observe the Hubble Deep Field. In blue light, ACS discovered even fainter objects than those in the 'deep field'. The camera's vision is so sharp that astronomers can identify distant colliding galaxies, the 'building blocks' of galaxies, an exquisite 'Whitman's Sampler' of normal galaxies, and presumably extremely faraway galaxies. ACS made this observation on 1 and 9 April 2002. The colour image is constructed from three separate images taken in near-infrared, orange, and blue filters. Image credit: NASA, the ACS Science Team (H. Ford, G. Illingworth, M. Clampin, G. Hartig, T. Allen, K. Anderson, F. Bartko, N. Benitez, J. Blakeslee, R. Bouwens, T. Broadhurst, R. Brown, C. Burrows, D. Campbell, E. Cheng, N. Cross, P. Feldman, M. Franx, D. Golimowski, C. Gronwall, R. Kimble, J. Krist, M. Lesser, D. Magee, A. Martel, W. J. McCann, G. Meurer, G. Miley, M. Postman, P. Rosati, M. Sirianni, W. Sparks, P. Sullivan, H. Tran, Z. Tsvetanov, R. White, and R. Woodruff) and ESA\"", "Subject.Category": ["C.5.1.2", "C.5.1.1"], "Subject.Name": ["Arp 188", "UGC 10214", "Tadpole Galaxy"], "Distance": ["416175537.0", null], "Distance.Notes": "b'Distance in light years from NED'", "ReferenceURL": "https://esahubble.org/images/heic0206a/", "Credit": "b'NASA, Holland Ford (JHU), the ACS Science Team and ESA'", "Date": "2002-04-30T15:00:00", "ID": "heic0206a", "Type": "Observation", "Facility": ["Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope"], "Instrument": ["ACS", "ACS", "ACS"], "Spectral.ColorAssignment": ["Blue", "Green", "Red"], "Spectral.Band": ["Optical", "Optical", "Infrared"], "Spectral.Bandpass": ["B", "V", "I"], "Spectral.CentralWavelength": ["475", "606", "814"], "Temporal.StartTime": [null, null, null], "Temporal.IntegrationTime": ["", "", ""], "DatasetID": ["", "", ""], "Spectral.Notes": "b''", "Spatial.CoordinateFrame": "ICRS", "Spatial.Equinox": "J2000", "Spatial.ReferenceValue": ["241.549528353", "55.4310035116"], "Spatial.ReferenceDimension": ["4360.0", "3798.0"], "Spatial.ReferencePixel": ["2180.0", "1899.0"], "Spatial.Scale": ["-1.38130784358e-05", "1.38130784358e-05"], "Spatial.Rotation": "144.70000000000019", "Spatial.CoordsystemProjection": "TAN", "Spatial.Quality": "Full", "Spatial.Notes": "b\"Data calculated based on header data of HST's fits! 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Otherwise known as NGC 4676, the pair will eventually merge into a single giant galaxy.'", "Subject.Category": ["C.5.1.7"], "Subject.Name": ["Mice Galaxies", "NGC 4676"], "Distance": ["295768387.0", null], "Distance.Notes": "b'Distance in light years from NED'", "ReferenceURL": "https://esahubble.org/images/heic0206b/", "Credit": "b'NASA, Holland Ford (JHU), the ACS Science Team and ESA'", "Date": "2002-04-30T15:00:00", "ID": "heic0206b", "Type": "Observation", "Facility": ["Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope"], "Instrument": ["ACS", "ACS", "ACS"], "Spectral.ColorAssignment": ["Blue", "Green", "Red"], "Spectral.Band": ["Optical", "Optical", "Infrared"], "Spectral.Bandpass": ["B", "V", "I"], "Spectral.CentralWavelength": ["475", "606", "804"], "Temporal.StartTime": [null, null, null], "Temporal.IntegrationTime": ["", "", ""], "DatasetID": ["", "", ""], "Spectral.Notes": "b''", "Spatial.CoordinateFrame": "ICRS", "Spatial.Equinox": "J2000", "Spatial.ReferenceValue": ["191.54334581", "30.727436513"], "Spatial.ReferenceDimension": ["3857.0", "2893.0"], "Spatial.ReferencePixel": ["1928.5", "1446.5"], "Spatial.Scale": ["-1.38810812467e-05", "1.38810812467e-05"], "Spatial.Rotation": "-64.560000000000016", "Spatial.CoordsystemProjection": "TAN", "Spatial.Quality": "Full", "Spatial.Notes": "b''", "Publisher": "ESA/Hubble", "PublisherID": "esahubble", "ResourceID": "heic0206b", "ResourceURL": "http://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/original/heic0206b.tif", "MetadataDate": "2019-10-07T11:40:22.060020", "MetadataVersion": "1.1", "formats_url": {"banner1920": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/banner1920/heic0206b.jpg", "large": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/large/heic0206b.jpg", "medium": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/medium/heic0206b.jpg", "news": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/news/heic0206b.jpg", "newsfeature": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/newsfeature/heic0206b.jpg", "newsmini": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/newsmini/heic0206b.jpg", "original": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/original/heic0206b.tif", "portrait1080": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/portrait1080/heic0206b.jpg", "potwmedium": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/potwmedium/heic0206b.jpg", "screen": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/screen/heic0206b.jpg", "screen640": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/screen640/heic0206b.jpg", "thumb150y": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/thumb150y/heic0206b.jpg", "thumb300y": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/thumb300y/heic0206b.jpg", "thumb350x": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/thumb350x/heic0206b.jpg", "thumb700x": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/thumb700x/heic0206b.jpg", "thumbs": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/thumbs/heic0206b.jpg", "wallpaper1": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/wallpaper1/heic0206b.jpg", "wallpaper2": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/wallpaper2/heic0206b.jpg", "wallpaper3": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/wallpaper3/heic0206b.jpg", "wallpaper4": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/wallpaper4/heic0206b.jpg", "wallpaper5": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/wallpaper5/heic0206b.jpg", "wallpaperthumbs": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/wallpaperthumbs/heic0206b.jpg", "zoomable": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/zoomable/heic0206b"}, "Resources": [{"ResourceType": "Original", "MediaType": "Image", "URL": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/original/heic0206b.tif", "FileSize": 27228496, "Dimensions": [3857, 2893], "ProjectionType": "Observation"}, {"ResourceType": "Large", "MediaType": "Image", "URL": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/large/heic0206b.jpg", "FileSize": 2742270, "Dimensions": [3857, 2893], "ProjectionType": "Observation"}, {"ResourceType": "Small", "MediaType": "Image", "URL": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/screen/heic0206b.jpg", "FileSize": 97716, "Dimensions": [1280.0, 961], "ProjectionType": "Observation"}, {"ResourceType": "Thumbnail", "MediaType": "Image", "URL": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/potwmedium/heic0206b.jpg", "FileSize": 6512, "Dimensions": [220.0, 140.0], "ProjectionType": "Observation"}, {"ResourceType": "Icon", "MediaType": "Image", "URL": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/newsmini/heic0206b.jpg", "FileSize": 4314, "Dimensions": [60.0, 46], "ProjectionType": "Observation"}]}, {"Creator": "ESA/Hubble", "CreatorURL": "https://esahubble.org", "Contact.Address": "b'ESA Office, Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Dr'", "Contact.City": "b'Baltimore'", "Contact.StateProvince": "b'MD'", "Contact.PostalCode": "b'21218'", "Contact.Country": "b'United States'", "Rights": "b'Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License'", "Title": "b'The Red Spider Nebula: surfing in Sagittarius - 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This warm planetary nebula harbours one of the hottest stars known and its powerful stellar winds generate waves 100 billion kilometres high. The waves are caused by supersonic shocks, formed when the local gas is compressed and heated in front of the rapidly expanding lobes. The atoms caught in the shock emit the spectacular radiation seen in this image.'", "Subject.Category": ["B.4.1.3"], "Subject.Name": ["Red Spider Nebula", "NGC 6537"], "Distance": ["5772.0", null], "Distance.Notes": "b'Distance in light years from:\\r\\nhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08088.x/full'", "ReferenceURL": "https://esahubble.org/images/heic0109a/", "Credit": "b'ESA & Garrelt Mellema (Leiden University, the Netherlands)'", "Date": "2001-07-24T15:00:00", "ID": "heic0109a", "Type": "Observation", "Facility": ["Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope"], "Instrument": ["WFPC2", "WFPC2", "WFPC2", "WFPC2", "WFPC2"], "Spectral.ColorAssignment": ["Blue", "Cyan", "Green", "Orange", "Red"], "Spectral.Band": ["Optical", "Optical", "Optical", "Optical", "Optical"], "Spectral.Bandpass": ["Oiii", "Oii", "H-alpha", "Nii", "Sii"], "Spectral.CentralWavelength": ["", "", "", "", 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"https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/screen/heic1105a.jpg", "FileSize": 626809, "Dimensions": [1280.0, 1308], "ProjectionType": "Observation"}, {"ResourceType": "Thumbnail", "MediaType": "Image", "URL": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/potwmedium/heic1105a.jpg", "FileSize": 13410, "Dimensions": [220.0, 140.0], "ProjectionType": "Observation"}, {"ResourceType": "Icon", "MediaType": "Image", "URL": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/newsmini/heic1105a.jpg", "FileSize": 2689, "Dimensions": [60.0, 62], "ProjectionType": "Observation"}]}, {"Creator": "ESA/Hubble", "CreatorURL": "https://esahubble.org", "Contact.Address": "b'ESA Office, Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Dr'", "Contact.City": "b'Baltimore'", "Contact.StateProvince": "b'MD'", "Contact.PostalCode": "b'21218'", "Contact.Country": "b'United States'", "Rights": "b'Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License'", "Title": "b'Flocculent spiral NGC 2841'", "Headline": "b''", "Description": "b'Star formation is one of the most important processes in shaping the Universe; it plays a pivotal role in the evolution of galaxies and it is also in the earliest stages of star formation that planetary systems first appear. Yet there is still much that astronomers don\\xe2\\x80\\x99t understand, such as how do the properties of stellar nurseries vary according to the composition and density of gas present, and what triggers star formation in the first place? The driving force behind star formation is particularly unclear for a type of galaxy called a flocculent spiral, such as NGC 2841 shown here, which features short spiral arms rather than prominent and well-defined galactic limbs.'", "Subject.Category": ["C.5.1.1"], "Subject.Name": ["NGC 2841"], "Distance": ["62622024.0", null], "Distance.Notes": "b'Distance in light years from NED'", "ReferenceURL": "https://esahubble.org/images/heic1104a/", "Credit": "b\"NASA, ESA and the Hubble Heritage (STScI/AURA)-ESA/Hubble Collaboration Acknowledgment: M. Crockett and S. Kaviraj (Oxford University, UK), R. O'Connell (University of Virginia), B. Whitmore (STScI) and the WFC3 Scientific Oversight Committee.\"", "Date": "2011-02-17T15:00:00", "ID": "heic1104a", "Type": "Observation", "Facility": ["Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope"], "Instrument": ["WFC3", "WFC3", "WFC3", "WFC3"], "Spectral.ColorAssignment": ["Blue", "Green", "Orange", "Magenta"], "Spectral.Band": ["Ultraviolet", "Optical", "Optical", "Infrared"], "Spectral.Bandpass": ["U", "V", "H-alpha", "I"], "Spectral.CentralWavelength": ["336", "547", "657", "814"], "Temporal.StartTime": [null, null, null, null], "Temporal.IntegrationTime": ["", "", "", ""], "DatasetID": ["", "", "", ""], "Spectral.Notes": "b''", "Spatial.CoordinateFrame": "ICRS", "Spatial.Equinox": "J2000", "Spatial.ReferenceValue": ["140.513637754", "50.9761726763"], "Spatial.ReferenceDimension": ["3897.0", "3044.0"], "Spatial.ReferencePixel": ["1948.5", "1522.0"], "Spatial.Scale": ["-1.10356023779e-05", "1.10356023779e-05"], "Spatial.Rotation": "84.360000000000142", "Spatial.CoordsystemProjection": "TAN", "Spatial.Quality": "Full", "Spatial.Notes": "b''", "Publisher": "ESA/Hubble", "PublisherID": "esahubble", "ResourceID": "heic1104a", "ResourceURL": "http://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/original/heic1104a.tif", "MetadataDate": "2019-10-07T11:40:22.229603", "MetadataVersion": "1.1", "formats_url": {"banner1920": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/banner1920/heic1104a.jpg", "large": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/large/heic1104a.jpg", "medium": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/medium/heic1104a.jpg", "news": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/news/heic1104a.jpg", "newsfeature": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/newsfeature/heic1104a.jpg", "newsmini": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/newsmini/heic1104a.jpg", "original": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/original/heic1104a.tif", "portrait1080": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/portrait1080/heic1104a.jpg", "potwmedium": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/potwmedium/heic1104a.jpg", "screen": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/screen/heic1104a.jpg", "screen640": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/screen640/heic1104a.jpg", "thumb150y": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/thumb150y/heic1104a.jpg", "thumb300y": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/thumb300y/heic1104a.jpg", "thumb350x": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/thumb350x/heic1104a.jpg", "thumb700x": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/thumb700x/heic1104a.jpg", "thumbs": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/thumbs/heic1104a.jpg", "wallpaper1": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/wallpaper1/heic1104a.jpg", "wallpaper2": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/wallpaper2/heic1104a.jpg", "wallpaper3": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/wallpaper3/heic1104a.jpg", "wallpaper4": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/wallpaper4/heic1104a.jpg", "wallpaper5": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/wallpaper5/heic1104a.jpg", "wallpaperthumbs": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/wallpaperthumbs/heic1104a.jpg", "zoomable": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/zoomable/heic1104a"}, "Resources": [{"ResourceType": "Original", "MediaType": "Image", "URL": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/original/heic1104a.tif", "FileSize": 30094880, "Dimensions": [3897, 3044], "ProjectionType": "Observation"}, {"ResourceType": "Large", "MediaType": "Image", "URL": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/large/heic1104a.jpg", "FileSize": 7571043, "Dimensions": [3897, 3044], "ProjectionType": "Observation"}, {"ResourceType": "Small", "MediaType": "Image", "URL": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/screen/heic1104a.jpg", "FileSize": 338853, "Dimensions": [1280.0, 1000], "ProjectionType": "Observation"}, {"ResourceType": "Thumbnail", "MediaType": "Image", "URL": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/potwmedium/heic1104a.jpg", "FileSize": 12098, "Dimensions": [220.0, 140.0], "ProjectionType": "Observation"}, {"ResourceType": "Icon", "MediaType": "Image", "URL": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/newsmini/heic1104a.jpg", "FileSize": 5020, "Dimensions": [60.0, 47], "ProjectionType": "Observation"}]}, {"Creator": "ESA/Hubble", "CreatorURL": "https://esahubble.org", "Contact.Address": "b'ESA Office, Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Dr'", "Contact.City": "b'Baltimore'", "Contact.StateProvince": "b'MD'", "Contact.PostalCode": "b'21218'", "Contact.Country": "b'United States'", "Rights": "b'Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License'", "Title": "b'Hubble captures view of \\xe2\\x80\\x9cMystic Mountain\\xe2\\x80\\x9d'", "Headline": "b''", "Description": "b\"This craggy fantasy mountaintop enshrouded by wispy clouds looks like a bizarre landscape from Tolkien\\xe2\\x80\\x99s The Lord of the Rings. The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image, which is even more dramatic than fiction, captures the chaotic activity atop a pillar of gas and dust, three light-years tall, which is being eaten away by the brilliant light from nearby bright stars. The pillar is also being assaulted from within, as infant stars buried inside it fire off jets of gas that can be seen streaming from towering peaks. This turbulent cosmic pinnacle lies within a tempestuous stellar nursery called the Carina Nebula, located 7500 light-years away in the southern constellation of Carina. The image celebrates the 20th anniversary of Hubble's launch and deployment into an orbit around the Earth. Scorching radiation and fast winds (streams of charged particles) from super-hot newborn stars in the nebula are shaping and compressing the pillar, causing new stars to form within it. Streamers of hot ionised gas can be seen flowing off the ridges of the structure, and wispy veils of gas and dust, illuminated by starlight, float around its towering peaks. The denser parts of the pillar are resisting being eroded by radiation. Nestled inside this dense mountain are fledgling stars. Long streamers of gas can be seen shooting in opposite directions from the pedestal at the top of the image. Another pair of jets is visible at another peak near the centre of the image. These jets, (known as HH 901 and HH 902, respectively, are signposts for new star birth and are launched by swirling gas and dust discs around the young stars, which allow material to slowly accrete onto the stellar surfaces. Hubble\\xe2\\x80\\x99s Wide Field Camera 3 observed the pillar on 1-2 February 2010. The colours in this composite image correspond to the glow of oxygen (blue), hydrogen and nitrogen (green), and sulphur (red).\"", "Subject.Category": ["B.4", "B.4.1.5"], "Subject.Name": ["Carina Nebula", "HH 902", "HH 901"], "Distance": ["7500.0", null], "Distance.Notes": "b''", "ReferenceURL": "https://esahubble.org/images/heic1007a/", "Credit": "b'NASA, ESA, M. Livio and the Hubble 20th Anniversary Team (STScI)'", "Date": "2010-04-23T10:00:00", "ID": "heic1007a", "Type": "Observation", "Facility": ["Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope"], "Instrument": ["WFC3", "WFC3", "WFC3"], "Spectral.ColorAssignment": ["Blue", "Green", "Red"], "Spectral.Band": ["Optical", "Optical", "Optical"], "Spectral.Bandpass": ["Oiii", "H-alpha + Nii", "Sii"], "Spectral.CentralWavelength": ["502", "657", "673"], "Temporal.StartTime": [null, null, null], "Temporal.IntegrationTime": ["", "", ""], "DatasetID": ["", "", ""], "Spectral.Notes": "b''", "Spatial.CoordinateFrame": "ICRS", "Spatial.Equinox": "J2000", "Spatial.ReferenceValue": ["161.0099338", "-59.5082083"], "Spatial.ReferenceDimension": ["2104.0", "1937.0"], "Spatial.ReferencePixel": ["1053.0", "969.5"], "Spatial.Scale": ["-1.09854e-05", "1.0985355e-05"], "Spatial.Rotation": "165.49", "Spatial.CoordsystemProjection": "TAN", "Spatial.Quality": "Full", "Spatial.Notes": "b''", "Publisher": "ESA/Hubble", "PublisherID": "esahubble", "ResourceID": "heic1007a", "ResourceURL": "http://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/original/heic1007a.tif", "MetadataDate": "2019-10-07T11:40:22.250930", "MetadataVersion": "1.1", "formats_url": {"banner1920": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/banner1920/heic1007a.jpg", "large": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/large/heic1007a.jpg", "medium": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/medium/heic1007a.jpg", "news": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/news/heic1007a.jpg", "newsfeature": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/newsfeature/heic1007a.jpg", "newsmini": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/newsmini/heic1007a.jpg", "original": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/original/heic1007a.tif", "pl_original": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/pl_original/heic1007a.tif", "pl_screen": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/pl_screen/heic1007a.jpg", 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"Dimensions": [1280.0, 1179], "ProjectionType": "Observation"}, {"ResourceType": "Thumbnail", "MediaType": "Image", "URL": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/potwmedium/heic1007a.jpg", "FileSize": 15560, "Dimensions": [220.0, 140.0], "ProjectionType": "Observation"}, {"ResourceType": "Icon", "MediaType": "Image", "URL": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/newsmini/heic1007a.jpg", "FileSize": 1702, "Dimensions": [60.0, 56], "ProjectionType": "Observation"}]}, {"Creator": "ESA/Hubble", "CreatorURL": "https://esahubble.org", "Contact.Address": "b'ESA Office, Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Dr'", "Contact.City": "b'Baltimore'", "Contact.StateProvince": "b'MD'", "Contact.PostalCode": "b'21218'", "Contact.Country": "b'United States'", "Rights": "b'Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License'", "Title": "b'Barred spiral galaxy NGC 6217'", "Headline": "b''", "Description": "b'This is the first image of a celestial object taken with the newly repaired Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS). The camera was restored to operation during the STS-125 Servicing Mission to upgrade the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope. The barred spiral galaxy NGC 6217 was photographed on 13 June and 8 July 2009, as part of the initial testing and calibration of Hubble\\xe2\\x80\\x99s ACS. The galaxy lies up to 90 million light-years away in the north circumpolar constellation Ursa Major.'", "Subject.Category": ["C.5.1.2", "C.5.1.1"], "Subject.Name": ["NGC 6217"], "Distance": ["88000000.0", null], "Distance.Notes": "b''", "ReferenceURL": "https://esahubble.org/images/heic0910s/", "Credit": "b'NASA, ESA and the Hubble SM4 ERO Team'", "Date": "2009-09-09T17:00:00", "ID": "heic0910s", "Type": "Observation", "Facility": ["Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope"], "Instrument": ["ACS", "ACS", "ACS", "ACS"], "Spectral.ColorAssignment": ["Blue", "Green", "Orange", "Red"], "Spectral.Band": ["Optical", "Optical", "Infrared", "Optical"], "Spectral.Bandpass": ["B", "R", "I", "H-alpha"], "Spectral.CentralWavelength": ["435", "625", "814", "658"], "Temporal.StartTime": [null, null, null, null], "Temporal.IntegrationTime": ["", "", "", ""], "DatasetID": ["", "", "", ""], "Spectral.Notes": "b''", "Spatial.CoordinateFrame": 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License'", "Title": "b\"Galactic wreckage in Stephan's Quintet\"", "Headline": "b''", "Description": "b\"A clash among members of a famous galaxy quintet reveals an assortment of stars across a wide colour range, from young, blue stars to aging, red stars. This portrait of Stephan's Quintet, also known as the Hickson Compact Group 92, was taken by the new Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) aboard the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope. Stephan's Quintet, as the name implies, is a group of five galaxies. The name, however, is a bit of a misnomer. Studies have shown that group member NGC 7320, at upper left, is actually a foreground galaxy that is about seven times closer to Earth than the rest of the group. Three of the galaxies have distorted shapes, elongated spiral arms, and long, gaseous tidal tails containing myriad star clusters, proof of their close encounters. These interactions have sparked a frenzy of star birth in the central pair of galaxies. This drama is being played out against a rich backdrop of faraway galaxies. The image, taken in visible and near-infrared light, showcases WFC3's broad wavelength range. The colours trace the ages of the stellar populations, showing that star birth occurred at different epochs, stretching over hundreds of millions of years. The camera's infrared vision also peers through curtains of dust to see groupings of stars that cannot be seen in visible light. NGC 7319, at top right, is a barred spiral with distinct spiral arms that follow nearly 180 degrees back to the bar. The blue specks in the spiral arm at the top of NGC 7319 and the red dots just above and to the right of the core are clusters of many thousands of stars. Most of the Quintet is too far away even for Hubble to resolve individual stars. Continuing clockwise, the next galaxy appears to have two cores, but it is actually two galaxies, NGC 7318A and NGC 7318B. Encircling the galaxies are young, bright blue star clusters and pinkish clouds of glowing hydrogen where infant stars are being born. These stars are less than 10 million years old and have not yet blown away their natal cloud. Far away from the galaxies, at right, is a patch of intergalactic space where many star clusters are forming. NGC 7317, at bottom left, is a normal-looking elliptical galaxy that is less affected by the interactions. Sharply contrasting with these galaxies is the dwarf galaxy NGC 7320 at upper left. Bursts of star formation are occurring in the galaxy's disc, as seen by the blue and pink dots. In this galaxy, Hubble can resolve individual stars, evidence that NGC 7320 is closer to Earth. NGC 7320 is 40 million light-years from Earth. The other members of the Quintet reside about 300 million light-years away in the constellation Pegasus. These more distant members are markedly redder than the foreground galaxy, suggesting that older stars reside in their cores. The stars' light also may be further reddened by dust stirred up in the encounters. Spied by Edouard M. Stephan in 1877, Stephan's Quintet is the first compact group ever discovered. WFC3 observed the Quintet in July and August 2009. The composite image was made by using filters that isolate light from the blue, green and infrared portions of the spectrum, as well as emission from ionised hydrogen. These Hubble observations are part of the Hubble Servicing Mission 4 Early Release Observations. NASA astronauts installed the WFC3 camera during a servicing mission in May to upgrade and repair the 19-year-old Hubble telescope.\"", "Subject.Category": ["C.5.5.3"], "Subject.Name": ["Stephan's Quintet", "Hickson Compact Group 92"], "Distance": ["290000000.0", null], "Distance.Notes": "b''", "ReferenceURL": "https://esahubble.org/images/heic0910i/", "Credit": "b'NASA, ESA and the Hubble SM4 ERO Team'", "Date": "2009-09-09T17:00:00", "ID": "heic0910i", "Type": "Observation", "Facility": ["Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope"], "Instrument": ["WFC3", "WFC3", "WFC3", "WFC3", "WFC3"], "Spectral.ColorAssignment": ["Blue", "Green", "Red", "Red", "Red"], "Spectral.Band": ["Optical", "Optical", "Optical", "Infrared", "Infrared"], "Spectral.Bandpass": ["B", "V", "H-alpha", "I", "Near-IR"], "Spectral.CentralWavelength": ["438", "606", "657", "814", "1400"], "Temporal.StartTime": [null, null, null, null, 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"Dimensions": [60.0, 67], "ProjectionType": "Observation"}]}, {"Creator": "ESA/Hubble", "CreatorURL": "https://esahubble.org", "Contact.Address": "b'ESA Office, Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Dr'", "Contact.City": "b'Baltimore'", "Contact.StateProvince": "b'MD'", "Contact.PostalCode": "b'21218'", "Contact.Country": "b'United States'", "Rights": "b'Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License'", "Title": "b'Dramatically backlit dust lanes in NGC 7049'", "Headline": "b''", "Description": "b'The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope captured this image of NGC 7049 in the constellation of Indus, in the southern sky. A family of globular clusters appears as glittering spots dusted around the galaxy halo. Astronomers study the globular clusters in NGC 7049 to learn more about its formation and evolution. The dust lanes, which appear as a lacy web, are dramatically backlit by the millions of stars in the halo of NGC 7049.'", "Subject.Category": ["C.5.1.1", "C.5.1.4"], "Subject.Name": ["NGC 7049"], "Distance": ["97520756.0", null], "Distance.Notes": "b'Distance in light years from NED.'", "ReferenceURL": "https://esahubble.org/images/heic0905a/", "Credit": "b'NASA, ESA and W. 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"b''", "Publisher": "ESA/Hubble", "PublisherID": "esahubble", "ResourceID": "heic0905a", "ResourceURL": "http://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/original/heic0905a.tif", "MetadataDate": "2019-10-07T11:40:22.312641", "MetadataVersion": "1.1", "formats_url": {"banner1920": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/banner1920/heic0905a.jpg", "large": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/large/heic0905a.jpg", "medium": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/medium/heic0905a.jpg", "news": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/news/heic0905a.jpg", "newsfeature": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/newsfeature/heic0905a.jpg", "newsmini": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/newsmini/heic0905a.jpg", "original": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/original/heic0905a.tif", "pl_original": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/pl_original/heic0905a.tif", "pl_screen": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/pl_screen/heic0905a.jpg", 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"wallpaper3": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/wallpaper3/heic0905a.jpg", "wallpaper4": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/wallpaper4/heic0905a.jpg", "wallpaper5": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/wallpaper5/heic0905a.jpg", "wallpaperthumbs": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/wallpaperthumbs/heic0905a.jpg", "zoomable": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/zoomable/heic0905a"}, "Resources": [{"ResourceType": "Original", "MediaType": "Image", "URL": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/original/heic0905a.tif", "FileSize": 7225110, "Dimensions": [1766, 1948], "ProjectionType": "Observation"}, {"ResourceType": "Large", "MediaType": "Image", "URL": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/large/heic0905a.jpg", "FileSize": 1277419, "Dimensions": [1766, 1948], "ProjectionType": "Observation"}, {"ResourceType": "Small", "MediaType": "Image", "URL": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/screen/heic0905a.jpg", "FileSize": 240998, "Dimensions": [1280.0, 1412], "ProjectionType": "Observation"}, {"ResourceType": "Thumbnail", "MediaType": "Image", "URL": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/potwmedium/heic0905a.jpg", "FileSize": 7025, "Dimensions": [220.0, 140.0], "ProjectionType": "Observation"}, {"ResourceType": "Icon", "MediaType": "Image", "URL": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/newsmini/heic0905a.jpg", "FileSize": 3946, "Dimensions": [60.0, 67], "ProjectionType": "Observation"}]}, {"Creator": "ESA/Hubble", "CreatorURL": "https://esahubble.org", "Contact.Address": "b'ESA Office, Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Dr'", "Contact.City": "b'Baltimore'", "Contact.StateProvince": "b'MD'", "Contact.PostalCode": "b'21218'", "Contact.Country": "b'United States'", "Rights": "b'Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License'", "Title": "b'Holiday wishes from the Hubble Space Telescope'", "Headline": "b''", "Description": "b'In the new Hubble image of the galaxy M74 we can also see a smattering of bright pink regions decorating the spiral arms. These are huge, relatively short-lived, clouds of hydrogen gas which glow due to the strong radiation from hot, young stars embedded within them; glowing pink regions of ionized hydrogen (hydrogen that has lost its electrons). These regions of star formation show an excess of light at ultraviolet wavelengths and astronomers call them HII regions.'", "Subject.Category": ["C.5.1.1"], "Subject.Name": ["M74", "Phantom Galaxy"], "Distance": ["26744822.0", null], "Distance.Notes": "b'Distance in light years from NED'", "ReferenceURL": "https://esahubble.org/images/heic0719a/", "Credit": "b'NASA, ESA, and The Hubble Heritage (STScI/AURA)-ESA/Hubble Collaboration'", "Date": "2007-11-29T15:00:00", "ID": "heic0719a", "Type": "Observation", "Facility": ["Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope"], "Instrument": ["ACS", "ACS", "ACS", "ACS"], "Spectral.ColorAssignment": ["Blue", "Green", "Red", "Red"], "Spectral.Band": ["Optical", "Optical", "Optical", "Infrared"], "Spectral.Bandpass": ["B", "V", "H-alpha + Nii", "I"], "Spectral.CentralWavelength": ["435", "555", "656", "814"], "Temporal.StartTime": [null, null, null, null], "Temporal.IntegrationTime": ["", "", 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The fantasy-like landscape of the nebula is sculpted by the action of outflowing winds and scorching ultraviolet radiation from the monster stars that inhabit this inferno. In the process, these stars are shredding the surrounding material that is the last vestige of the giant cloud from which the stars were born. The immense nebula is an estimated 7,500 light-years away in the southern constellation Carina the Keel (of the old southern constellation Argo Navis, the ship of Jason and the Argonauts, from Greek mythology). This image is a mosaic of the Carina Nebula assembled from 48 frames taken with Hubble Space Telescope's Advanced Camera for Surveys. The Hubble images were taken in the light of ionized hydrogen. Colour information was added with data taken at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory in Chile. Red corresponds to sulfur, green to hydrogen, and blue to oxygen emission.\"", "Subject.Category": ["B.4"], "Subject.Name": ["Carina Nebula", "NGC 3372"], "Distance": ["7500.0", null], "Distance.Notes": "b''", "ReferenceURL": "https://esahubble.org/images/heic0707a/", "Credit": "b'NASA, ESA, N. 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Hubble's sharp vision reveals a crisp dust lane dividing the galaxy into two halves. The image highlights the galaxy's structure: a subtle, reddish bulge surrounding a bright nucleus, a blue disk of stars running parallel to the dust lane, and a transparent outer halo. Some faint, wispy trails of dust can be seen meandering away from the disk of the galaxy out into the bulge and inner halo of the galaxy. The outer halo is dotted with numerous gravitationally bound clusters of nearly a million stars each, known as globular clusters. Background galaxies that are millions to billions of light-years farther away than NGC 5866 are also seen through the halo.\"", "Subject.Category": ["E.5.1.1"], "Subject.Name": ["NGC 5866"], "Distance": ["46000000.0", null], "Distance.Notes": "b'Approximate distance in light years from NED'", "ReferenceURL": "https://esahubble.org/images/opo0624a/", "Credit": "b'NASA, ESA, and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)'", "Date": "2006-06-08T15:00:00", "ID": "opo0624a", "Type": "Observation", "Facility": ["Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope"], "Instrument": ["ACS", "ACS", "ACS"], "Spectral.ColorAssignment": ["Blue", "Green", "Red"], "Spectral.Band": ["Optical", "Optical", "Optical"], "Spectral.Bandpass": ["B", "V", "R"], "Spectral.CentralWavelength": ["435", "555", "625"], "Temporal.StartTime": [null, null, null], "Temporal.IntegrationTime": ["", "", ""], "DatasetID": ["", "", ""], "Spectral.Notes": "b''", "Spatial.CoordinateFrame": "ICRS", 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License'", "Title": "b'Collision leaves giant Jupiter bruised'", "Headline": "b''", "Description": "b'This Hubble picture, taken on 23 July, is the first full-disc, natural-colour image of Jupiter made with Hubble\\'s new camera, the Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3). It is the sharpest visible-light picture of Jupiter since the New Horizons spacecraft flew by that planet in 2007. Each pixel in this high-resolution image spans about 119 kilometres in Jupiter\\'s atmosphere. Jupiter was more than 600 million kilometres from Earth when the images were taken. The dark smudge at bottom right is debris from a comet or asteroid that plunged into Jupiter\\'s atmosphere and disintegrated. In addition to the fresh impact, the image reveals a spectacular variety of shapes in the swirling atmosphere of Jupiter. The planet is wrapped in bands of yellow, brown and white clouds. These bands are produced by the atmosphere flowing in different directions at various places. When these opposing flows interact, turbulence appears. Such data complement the images taken from other telescopes and spacecraft by providing exquisite details of atmospheric phenomena. For example, the image suggests that dark \"barges\" \\xe2\\x80\\x94 tracked by amateur astronomers on a nightly basis \\xe2\\x80\\x94 may differ both in form and colour from barge features identified by the Voyager spacecraft. (The Great Red Spot and the smaller Red Oval are both out of view on the other side of the planet.) This colour image is a composite of three separate colour exposures (red, blue and green) made by WFC3. Additional processing was done to compensate for asynchronous imaging in the colour filters and other effects.'", "Subject.Category": ["A.1.1.2"], "Subject.Name": ["Jupiter"], "Distance": [null, null], "Distance.Notes": "b''", "ReferenceURL": "https://esahubble.org/images/heic0910q/", "Credit": "b'NASA, ESA, Michael Wong (Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD), H. B. 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The star-forming region, catalogued as N11B lies in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), located only 160,000 light-years from Earth. With its high resolution, the Hubble Space Telescope is able to view details of star formation in the LMC as easily as ground-based telescopes are able to observe stellar formation within our own Milky Way galaxy. Our neighbourhood galaxy the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) lies in the Constellation of Dorado and is sprinkled with a number of regions harbouring recent and ongoing star formation. One of these star-forming region, N11B, is shown in this Hubble image. It is a subregion within a larger area of star formation called N11. N11 is the second largest star-forming region in LMC. It is only surpassed in the size and activity by \"the king of stellar nurseries\", 30 Doradus, located at the opposite side of LMC.'", "Subject.Category": ["C.4.1.2"], "Subject.Name": ["LHA 120-N 11B", "N11B"], "Distance": ["160000.0", null], "Distance.Notes": "b''", "ReferenceURL": "https://esahubble.org/images/heic0411a/", "Credit": "b'NASA/ESA and the Hubble Heritage Team (AURA/STScI/HEIC)'", "Date": "2004-07-01T15:00:00", "ID": "heic0411a", "Type": "Observation", "Facility": ["Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope"], "Instrument": ["WFPC2", "WFPC2", "WFPC2"], "Spectral.ColorAssignment": ["Blue", "Green", "Red"], "Spectral.Band": ["Optical", "Optical", "Optical"], "Spectral.Bandpass": ["Oiii", "Pseudogreen (Oiii + H-alpha)", "H-alpha"], "Spectral.CentralWavelength": ["502", "", "656"], "Temporal.StartTime": [null, null, null], "Temporal.IntegrationTime": ["", "", ""], "DatasetID": ["", "", ""], "Spectral.Notes": "b''", "Spatial.CoordinateFrame": 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Here however, other less prominent emission lines dominate in the blue and green filters. This data is part of the Archival Pure Parallel Project (APPP), a project that gathered together and processed over 1000 images taken using Hubble\\xe2\\x80\\x99s Wide Field Planetary Camera 2, obtained in parallel with other Hubble instruments. Much of the data in the project could be used to study a wide range of astronomical topics, including gravitational lensing and cosmic shear, exploring distant star-forming galaxies, supplementing observations in other wavelength ranges with optical data, and examining star populations from stellar heavyweights all the way down to solar-mass stars. 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Instead, it is a vast orb of gas in space, cast off by an ageing star. The star is visible in the orb's centre, shining through the gases it formerly held onto for most of its stellar life.\\xc2\\xa0 When stars like the Sun grow advanced in age, they expand and glow red. These so-called red giants then begin to lose their outer layers of material into space. More than half of such a star's mass can be shed in this manner, forming a shell of surrounding gas. At the same time, the star's core shrinks and grows hotter, emitting ultraviolet light that causes the expelled gases to glow.\\xc2\\xa0 This type of object is called, somewhat confusingly, a planetary nebula, though it has nothing to do with planets. The name derives from the rounded, planet-like appearance of these objects in early telescopes. 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This star-filled image, taken with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope\\xe2\\x80\\x99s Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3), shows one of them: NGC 1866. NGC 1866 is found at the very edges of the Large Magellanic Cloud, a small galaxy located near to the Milky Way. The cluster was discovered in 1826 by Scottish astronomer James Dunlop, who catalogued thousands of stars and deep-sky objects during his career. However, NGC 1866 is no ordinary cluster. It is a surprisingly young globular cluster situated close enough to us that its stars can be studied individually \\xe2\\x80\\x94 no mean feat given the mammoth distances involved in studying the cosmos! There is still debate over how globular clusters form, but observations such as this have revealed that most of their stars are old and have a low metallicity. In astronomy, \\xe2\\x80\\x98metals\\xe2\\x80\\x99 are any elements other than hydrogen and helium; since stars form heavier elements within their core as they carry out nuclear fusion throughout their lifetimes, a low metallicity indicates that a star is very old, as the material from which it formed was not enriched with many heavy elements. It\\xe2\\x80\\x99s possible that the stars within globular clusters are so old that they were actually some of the very first to form after the Big Bang. In the case of NGC 1866, though, not all stars are the same. Different populations, or generations, of stars are thought to coexist within the cluster. Once the first generation of stars formed, the cluster may have encountered a giant gas cloud that sparked a new wave of star formation and gave rise to a second, younger, generation of stars \\xe2\\x80\\x94 explaining why it seems surprisingly youthful.'", "Subject.Category": ["B.3.6.4.2"], "Subject.Name": ["NGC 1866"], "Distance": [null, null], "Distance.Notes": "b''", "ReferenceURL": "https://esahubble.org/images/potw1847a/", "Credit": "b'ESA/Hubble & NASA'", "Date": "2018-11-19T06:00:00", "ID": "potw1847a", "Type": "Observation", "Facility": ["Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope"], "Instrument": ["WFC3", "WFC3", "WFC3", "WFC3", "WFC3"], "Spectral.ColorAssignment": ["Green", "Red", "Blue", "Blue", "Cyan"], "Spectral.Band": ["Optical", "Optical", "Optical", "Optical", "Optical"], "Spectral.Bandpass": ["V", "I", "U", "NeV", "B`"], "Spectral.CentralWavelength": ["555", "814", "336", "343", "438"], "Temporal.StartTime": [null, null, null, null, null], "Temporal.IntegrationTime": [null, null, null, null, null], "DatasetID": [null, null, null, null, null], "Spectral.Notes": "b''", "Spatial.CoordinateFrame": "ICRS", "Spatial.Equinox": "J2000", "Spatial.ReferenceValue": ["78.4108476823", "-65.4647222538"], "Spatial.ReferenceDimension": ["4073.0", "3965.0"], "Spatial.ReferencePixel": ["2036.5", "1982.5"], "Spatial.Scale": ["-1.10089773762e-05", "1.10089773762e-05"], "Spatial.Rotation": "140.98000000000002", "Spatial.CoordsystemProjection": "TAN", "Spatial.Quality": "Full", "Spatial.Notes": "b''", "Publisher": "ESA/Hubble", "PublisherID": "esahubble", "ResourceID": "potw1847a", "ResourceURL": "http://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/original/potw1847a.tif", "MetadataDate": "2019-10-07T11:40:22.881691", "MetadataVersion": "1.1", "formats_url": {"banner1920": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/banner1920/potw1847a.jpg", "large": 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"Observation"}, {"ResourceType": "Icon", "MediaType": "Image", "URL": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/newsmini/potw1847a.jpg", "FileSize": 6691, "Dimensions": [60.0, 59], "ProjectionType": "Observation"}]}, {"Creator": "ESA/Hubble", "CreatorURL": "https://esahubble.org", "Contact.Address": "b'ESA Office, Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Dr'", "Contact.City": "b'Baltimore'", "Contact.StateProvince": "b'MD'", "Contact.PostalCode": "b'21218'", "Contact.Country": "b'United States'", "Rights": "b'Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License'", "Title": "b'Twins with differences'", "Headline": "b''", "Description": "b'This NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image shows a spiral galaxy known as NGC 7331. First spotted by the prolific galaxy hunter William Herschel in 1784, NGC 7331 is located about 45 million light-years away in the constellation of Pegasus (The Winged Horse). Facing us partially edge-on, the galaxy showcases it\\xe2\\x80\\x99s beautiful arms which swirl like a whirlpool around its bright central region. Astronomers took this image using Hubble\\xe2\\x80\\x99s Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3), as they were observing an extraordinary exploding star \\xe2\\x80\\x94 a supernova \\xe2\\x80\\x94 which can still be faintly seen as a tiny red dot near the galaxy\\xe2\\x80\\x99s central yellow core. Named SN2014C, it rapidly evolved from a supernova containing very little Hydrogen to one that is Hydrogen-rich \\xe2\\x80\\x94 in just one year. This rarely observed metamorphosis was luminous at high energies and provides unique insight into the poorly understood final phases of massive stars. NGC 7331 is similar in size, shape, and mass to the Milky Way. It also has a comparable star formation rate, hosts a similar number of stars, has a central supermassive black hole and comparable spiral arms. The primary difference between our galaxies is that NGC 7331 is an unbarred spiral galaxy \\xe2\\x80\\x94 it lacks a \\xe2\\x80\\x9cbar\\xe2\\x80\\x9d of stars, gas and dust cutting through its nucleus, as we see in the Milky Way. Its central bulge also displays a quirky and unusual rotation pattern, spinning in the opposite direction to the galactic disc itself. By studying similar galaxies we hold a scientific mirror up to our own, allowing us to build a better understanding of our galactic environment which we cannot always observe, and of galactic behaviour and evolution as a whole.'", "Subject.Category": ["C.5.5.2"], "Subject.Name": ["NGC 7331"], "Distance": ["46000000.0", null], "Distance.Notes": "b'NED'", "ReferenceURL": "https://esahubble.org/images/potw1805a/", "Credit": "b'ESA/Hubble & NASA/D. Milisavljevic (Purdue University)'", "Date": "2018-01-29T06:00:00", "ID": "potw1805a", "Type": "Observation", "Facility": ["Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope"], "Instrument": ["WFC3", "WFC3", "WFC3", "WFC3", "WFC3", "WFC3"], "Spectral.ColorAssignment": ["Blue", "Blue", "Cyan", "Green", "Red", "Red"], "Spectral.Band": ["Ultraviolet", "Optical", "Optical", "Optical", "Optical", "Optical"], "Spectral.Bandpass": ["uv", "u", "B", "V", "H-Alpha +NIII", "I"], "Spectral.CentralWavelength": ["275", "336", "438", "555", "657", "814"], "Temporal.StartTime": [null, null, null, null, null, null], "Temporal.IntegrationTime": ["", "", "", "", "", ""], "DatasetID": ["", "", "", "", "", ""], "Spectral.Notes": "b''", "Spatial.CoordinateFrame": "ICRS", "Spatial.Equinox": "J2000", "Spatial.ReferenceValue": ["339.272234733", "34.4087283825"], "Spatial.ReferenceDimension": ["4061.0", 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"Contact.StateProvince": "b'MD'", "Contact.PostalCode": "b'21218'", "Contact.Country": "b'United States'", "Rights": "b'Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License'", "Title": "b'Starburst galaxy Messier 94'", "Headline": "b''", "Description": "b'This image shows the galaxy Messier 94, which lies in the small northern constellation of the Hunting Dogs, about 16 million light-years away. 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"Contact.PostalCode": "b'21218'", "Contact.Country": "b'United States'", "Rights": "b'Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License'", "Title": "b'25 years of stunning definition'", "Headline": "b''", "Description": "b'This stunning spiral galaxy is Messier 100 in the constellation Coma Berenices, captured here by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope \\xe2\\x80\\x94 not for the first time. 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They installed a device named COSTAR (Corrective Optics Space Telescope Axial Replacement) on Hubble, which took account of this flaw of the mirror and allowed the scientific instruments to correct the images they received. The difference between the photos taken of Messier 100 before and after shows the remarkable effect this had, and the dramatic increase in image quality. COSTAR was in place on Hubble until Servicing Mission 4, by which time all the original instruments had been replaced. All subsequent instrumentation had corrective optics built in. This new image of Messier 100 taken with Hubble\\xe2\\x80\\x99s Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3), demonstrates how much better the latest generation of instruments is compared to the ones installed in Hubble after its launch and after Servicing Mission 1. Links  Messier 100 shows improvements of Hubble Messier 100 seen 1993 with WFPC1 Messier 100 seen 1994 with WFPC2 '", "Subject.Category": ["C.5.1.1"], "Subject.Name": ["M 100"], "Distance": [null, null], "Distance.Notes": "b''", "ReferenceURL": "https://esahubble.org/images/potw1850a/", "Credit": "b'NASA, ESA'", "Date": "2018-12-10T06:00:00", "ID": "potw1850a", "Type": "Observation", "Facility": ["Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope"], "Instrument": ["WFC3", "WFC3", "WFC3"], "Spectral.ColorAssignment": ["Blue", "Green", "Red"], "Spectral.Band": ["Optical", "Optical", "Optical"], "Spectral.Bandpass": ["g", "V", "i"], "Spectral.CentralWavelength": ["475", "555", "775"], "Temporal.StartTime": [null, null, null], "Temporal.IntegrationTime": [null, null, null], "DatasetID": [null, null, null], "Spectral.Notes": "b''", "Spatial.CoordinateFrame": "ICRS", "Spatial.Equinox": "J2000", "Spatial.ReferenceValue": ["185.724088205", "15.8175808026"], 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License'", "Title": "b'Clusters within clusters'", "Headline": "b''", "Description": "b\"This image, from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope\\xe2\\x80\\x99s Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS), reveals thousands of globular clusters lying at the core of a galaxy cluster. It was created by a Hubble survey that drew on data from three of the telescope\\xe2\\x80\\x99s separate observing programmes to explore the centre of the Coma cluster, a huge gathering of over 1000 galaxies, about 320 million light-years away, all bound together by gravity. Astronomers spotted over 22 000 globular clusters, some of which had formed a bridge connecting a pair of well-known interacting galaxies (NGC 4889 and NGC 4874). A globular cluster is a spherical group of stars that usually orbits a galaxy as a self-contained satellite. However, the globular clusters studied here are of a different type, intracluster globular clusters. Specifically, these are globular clusters that are not bound to an individual galaxy, but to a galaxy cluster \\xe2\\x80\\x94 in this case, Coma. While globular clusters orbiting our Milky Way reveal themselves as sparkling spherical assemblies of densely packed stars, at the distance of the Comla cluster, they only appear as tiny dots of light, even to Hubble's advanced vision. However, a characteristic feature of globular clusters is their colour; since the stars in any given cluster all formed at around the same time and from the same \\xe2\\x80\\x9cstuff\\xe2\\x80\\x9d, they usually have a consistent colour. In this way, the astronomers were able to identify the clusters \\xe2\\x80\\x94 and rule out background galaxies lying in the same region of sky \\xe2\\x80\\x94 by analysing their colour and size, painting a beautiful family portrait of Coma and its clusters. With the help of the identified globular clusters astronomers can map the distribution of matter and \\xe2\\x80\\x94 even more important \\xe2\\x80\\x94 of dark matter in the Coma cluster. The Coma Cluster was one of the first places where observed gravitational anomalies indicated the existence of dark matter. Links  Science paper STScI press release \"", "Subject.Category": ["C.5.5.3", "C.3.6.4.2"], "Subject.Name": ["Coma Cluster"], "Distance": ["320000000.0", null], "Distance.Notes": "b''", "ReferenceURL": "https://esahubble.org/images/potw1849a/", "Credit": "b'NASA, ESA, J. Mack, and J. 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The observations of both objects were made in June and July 2018 and show the planets close to their opposition. Hubble\\xe2\\x80\\x99s high-resolution images of the planets and moons in our Solar System can only be surpassed by pictures taken from spacecraft that actually visit them. Hubble even has one advantage over these probes: it can look at these objects periodically and observe them over much longer periods than any passing probe could. Hubble\\xe2\\x80\\x99s first observations of Mars date back as far 1991 and the first observation of Saturn was performed in 1990 \\xe2\\x80\\x94 the year Hubble was launched.'", "Subject.Category": ["A.1"], "Subject.Name": ["Saturn", "Mars"], "Distance": [null, null], "Distance.Notes": "b''", "ReferenceURL": "https://esahubble.org/images/heic1814a/", "Credit": "b'Saturn: NASA, ESA, A. Simon (GSFC) and the OPAL Team, and J. 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taken with the Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) and the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS), both installed on the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, shows the peculiar galaxy NGC 3256. The galaxy is about 100 million light-years from Earth and is the result of a past galactic merger, which created its distorted appearance. As such, NGC 3256 provides an ideal target to investigate starbursts that have been triggered by galaxy mergers. Another image of NGC 3256 was already released in 2008, as part of a collection of interacting galaxies, created for Hubble\\xe2\\x80\\x99s 18th birthday.'", "Subject.Category": ["C.5.1.7"], "Subject.Name": ["NGC 3256"], "Distance": ["100000000.0", null], "Distance.Notes": "b''", "ReferenceURL": "https://esahubble.org/images/heic1811a/", "Credit": "b'ESA/Hubble, NASA'", "Date": "2018-05-31T16:00:00", "ID": "heic1811a", "Type": "Observation", "Facility": ["Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope"], "Instrument": ["WFC3", "WFC3", "ACS", "ACS", "ACS", "WFC3"], "Spectral.ColorAssignment": ["Orange", "Red", "Red", "Blue", "Green", "Green"], "Spectral.Band": ["Optical", "Optical", "Optical", "Optical", "Optical", "Optical"], "Spectral.Bandpass": ["H Alpha +[N II ]", "SII", "I", "V", "V", "H Alpha +[N II ]"], "Spectral.CentralWavelength": ["665", "673", "814", "555", "555", "665"], 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The brightest galaxy within this cluster named SDSS J1156+1911 and known as the Brightest Cluster Galaxy (BCG), is visible in the lower middle of the frame. It was discovered by the Sloan Giant Arcs Survey which studied data maps covering huge parts of the sky from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: it found more than 70 galaxies that look to be significantly affected by a cosmic phenomenon known as gravitational lensing. Gravitational lensing is one of the predictions of Albert Einstein's General Theory of Relativity. The mass contained within a galaxy is so immense that it can actually warp and bend the very fabric of its surroundings (known as spacetime), forcing the light to travel along curved paths. As a result, the image of a more distant galaxy appears distorted and amplified to an observer, as the light from it has been bent around the intervening galaxy. This effect can be very useful in astronomy, allowing astronomers to see galaxies that are either obscured or too distant for us to be otherwise detected by our current instruments. Galaxy clusters are giant structures containing hundreds to thousands of galaxies with masses of about over one million billion times the mass of the Sun! SDSS J1156+1911 is only roughly 600 billion times the mass of the Sun, making it less massive than the average galaxy. However, it is massive enough to produce the fuzzy greenish streak seen just below the brightest galaxy \\xe2\\x80\\x94 the lensed image of a more distant galaxy.\"", "Subject.Category": ["D.5.5.3"], "Subject.Name": ["SDSS J1156+1911"], "Distance": ["7500000000.0", null], "Distance.Notes": "b''", "ReferenceURL": "https://esahubble.org/images/potw1822a/", "Credit": "b'ESA/Hubble & NASA Acknowledgement: Judy Schmidt (Geckzilla)'", "Date": "2018-05-28T06:00:00", "ID": "potw1822a", "Type": "Observation", "Facility": ["Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope"], "Instrument": ["ACS", "WFC3", "ACS", "WFC3"], "Spectral.ColorAssignment": ["Cyan", "Orange", "Blue", "Red"], "Spectral.Band": ["Optical", "Infrared", "Optical", "Infrared"], "Spectral.Bandpass": ["I", "J", "C", "H"], "Spectral.CentralWavelength": ["814", "1250", "390", "1600"], "Temporal.StartTime": [null, null, null, null], "Temporal.IntegrationTime": ["", "", "", ""], 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"Contact.StateProvince": "b'MD'", "Contact.PostalCode": "b'21218'", "Contact.Country": "b'United States'", "Rights": "b'Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License'", "Title": "b'A ghostly galaxy lacking dark matter'", "Headline": "b''", "Description": "b'NGC 1052-DF2 resides about 65 million light-years away in the NGC 1052 Group, which is dominated by a massive elliptical galaxy called NGC 1052. This large, fuzzy-looking galaxy is so diffuse that astronomers can clearly see distant galaxies behind it. This ghostly galaxy is not well-formed. It does not look like a typical spiral galaxy, but it does not look like an elliptical galaxy either. Based on the colours of its globular clusters, the galaxy is about 10 billion years old. However, even the globular clusters are strange: they are twice as large as typical groups of stars. All of these oddities pale in comparison to the weirdest aspect of this galaxy: NGC 1052-DF2 is missing most, if not all, of its dark matter. The galaxy contains only a tiny fraction of dark matter that astronomers would expect for a galaxy this size. But how it formed is a complete mystery. Hubble took this image on 16 November 2017 using its Advanced Camera for Surveys.'", "Subject.Category": ["C.5"], "Subject.Name": ["NGC 1052-DF2"], "Distance": ["65000000.0", null], "Distance.Notes": "b''", "ReferenceURL": "https://esahubble.org/images/heic1806a/", "Credit": "b'NASA, ESA, and P. van Dokkum (Yale University)'", "Date": "2018-03-28T19:00:00", "ID": "heic1806a", "Type": "Observation", "Facility": ["Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope"], "Instrument": ["ACS", "ACS", "ACS", "ACS"], "Spectral.ColorAssignment": ["Red", "Blue", "Green", "Green"], "Spectral.Band": ["Optical", "Optical", "Optical", "Optical"], "Spectral.Bandpass": ["I", "V", "V", "I"], "Spectral.CentralWavelength": ["814", "606", "606", "814"], "Temporal.StartTime": [null, null, null, null], "Temporal.IntegrationTime": ["", "", "", ""], "DatasetID": ["", "", "", ""], "Spectral.Notes": "b''", "Spatial.CoordinateFrame": "ICRS", "Spatial.Equinox": 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"Contact.PostalCode": "b'21218'", "Contact.Country": "b'United States'", "Rights": "b'Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License'", "Title": "b'Standout stars'", "Headline": "b''", "Description": "b'This image from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope reveals a glistening and ancient globular cluster named NGC 3201 \\xe2\\x80\\x94 a gathering of hundreds of thousands of stars bound together by gravity. NGC 3201 was discovered in 1826 by the Scottish astronomer James Dunlop, who described it as a \\xe2\\x80\\x9cpretty large, pretty bright\\xe2\\x80\\x9d object that becomes \\xe2\\x80\\x9crather irregular\\xe2\\x80\\x9d towards its centre. Globular clusters are found around all large galaxies, but their origin and role in galaxy formation remain tantalisingly unclear. Astronomers recently discovered a black hole lurking at the heart of NGC 3201 \\xe2\\x80\\x94 its position was revealed by the strange movements of a star being quickly flung around a massive, invisible counterpart. This sparkling group of stars also has some strange properties which make it unique amongst the over 150 globular clusters belonging to the Milky Way. NGC 3201 has an extremely fast velocity with respect to the Sun and its orbit is retrograde, meaning that it moves speedily in the opposite direction to the galactic centre, which it orbits. The unusual behaviour of this cluster suggests that it may have extragalactic origins, but at some point was captured by the Milky Way\\xe2\\x80\\x99s gravity. However, the chemical makeup of this intriguing cluster tells a different story \\xe2\\x80\\x94 the stars within NGC 3201 are chemically very similar to those of other galactic globular clusters, implying that they formed at a similar location and time to their neighbours. Whether this mysterious cluster was adopted by our galaxy or has for some reason evolved very differently to the family of clusters it grew up with, it is certainly an unusual astronomical beauty. Acknowledgement: Sarajedini et al.'", "Subject.Category": ["B.3.6.4.2"], "Subject.Name": ["NGC 3201"], "Distance": ["16300.0", null], "Distance.Notes": "b''", "ReferenceURL": "https://esahubble.org/images/potw1804a/", "Credit": "b'ESA/Hubble & NASA'", "Date": "2018-01-22T06:00:00", "ID": "potw1804a", "Type": "Observation", "Facility": ["Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope"], "Instrument": ["WFC3", "WFC3", "ACS", "ACS", "ACS"], "Spectral.ColorAssignment": ["Purple", "Blue", "Blue", "Green", "Red"], "Spectral.Band": ["Ultraviolet", "Optical", "Optical", "Optical", "Optical"], "Spectral.Bandpass": ["UV", "u", "B", "V", "I"], "Spectral.CentralWavelength": ["275", "336", "435", "606", "814"], "Temporal.StartTime": [null, null, null, null, null], "Temporal.IntegrationTime": ["", "", "", "", ""], "DatasetID": ["", "", "", "", ""], "Spectral.Notes": "b''", "Spatial.CoordinateFrame": "ICRS", 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"Contact.PostalCode": "b'21218'", "Contact.Country": "b'United States'", "Rights": "b'Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License'", "Title": "b'A snowstorm of stars'", "Headline": "b''", "Description": "b'It\\xe2\\x80\\x99s beginning to look a lot like Christmas in this NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image of a blizzard of stars, which resembles a swirling storm in a snow globe. These stars make up the globular cluster Messier 79, located about 40 000 light-years from Earth in the constellation of Lepus (The Hare). Globular clusters are gravitationally bound groupings of up to one million stars. These giant \\xe2\\x80\\x9cstar globes\\xe2\\x80\\x9d contain some of the oldest stars in our galaxy. Messier 79 is no exception; it contains about 150 000 stars, packed into an area measuring just roughly 120 light-years across. This 11.7-billion-year-old star cluster was first discovered by French astronomer Pierre M\\xc3\\xa9chain in 1780. M\\xc3\\xa9chain reported the finding to his colleague Charles Messier, who included it in his catalogue of non-cometary objects: The Messier catalogue. About four years later, using a larger telescope than Messier\\xe2\\x80\\x99s, William Herschel was able to resolve the stars in Messier 79 and described it as a \\xe2\\x80\\x9cglobular star cluster.\\xe2\\x80\\x9d In this sparkling Hubble image, Sun-like stars appear yellow-white and the reddish stars are bright giants that are in the final stages of their lives. Most of the blue stars sprinkled throughout the cluster are aging \\xe2\\x80\\x9chelium-burning\\xe2\\x80\\x9d stars, which have exhausted their hydrogen fuel and are now fusing helium in their cores.'", "Subject.Category": ["B.3.6.4.2"], "Subject.Name": ["Messier 79"], "Distance": ["40000.0", null], "Distance.Notes": "b''", "ReferenceURL": "https://esahubble.org/images/potw1751a/", "Credit": "b'NASA and ESA Acknowledgement: S. Djorgovski (Caltech) and F. 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"Description": "b'This composite image, created out of two different pointings from Hubble, shows the barred spiral galaxy NGC 1512 (left) and the dwarf galaxy NGC 1510 (right). Both galaxies are about 30 million light-years away from Earth and currently in the process of merging. At the end of this process NGC 1512 will have cannibalised its smaller companion.'", "Subject.Category": ["C.5.1.7", "C.5.2.2", "C.5.1.2"], "Subject.Name": ["ngc 1510", "NGC 1512"], "Distance": ["30000000.0", null], "Distance.Notes": "b'ESA/Hubble press release'", "ReferenceURL": "https://esahubble.org/images/heic1712a/", "Credit": "b'ESA/Hubble, NASA'", "Date": "2017-07-27T14:00:00", "ID": "heic1712a", "Type": "Observation", "Facility": ["Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope"], "Instrument": ["WFC3", "WFC3", "WFC3", "WFC3", "WFC3"], "Spectral.ColorAssignment": ["Red", "Green", "Blue", "Cyan", "Blue"], "Spectral.Band": ["Optical", "Optical", "Optical", "Optical", "Ultraviolet"], "Spectral.Bandpass": ["I", "V", "u", "B", "UV"], "Spectral.CentralWavelength": ["814", "555", "336", "438", "275"], "Temporal.StartTime": [null, null, null, null, null], "Temporal.IntegrationTime": ["", "", "", "", ""], 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Taken in visible light, the image shows the tip of the three-light-year-long pillar, bathed in the glow of light from hot, massive stars off the top of the image. Scorching radiation and fast winds (streams of charged particles) from these stars are sculpting the pillar and causing new stars to form within it. Streamers of gas and dust can be seen flowing off the top of the structure. Hubble's Wide Field Camera 3 observed the Carina Nebula on 24-30 July 2009. WFC3 was installed aboard Hubble in May 2009 during Servicing Mission 4. The composite image was made from filters that isolate emission from iron, magnesium, oxygen, hydrogen and sulphur. These Hubble observations of the Carina Nebula are part of the Hubble Servicing Mission 4 Early Release Observations.\"", "Subject.Category": ["B.4"], "Subject.Name": ["Carina Nebula"], "Distance": ["7500.0", null], "Distance.Notes": "b''", "ReferenceURL": "https://esahubble.org/images/heic0910e/", "Credit": "b'NASA, ESA and the Hubble SM4 ERO Team'", "Date": "2009-09-09T17:00:00", "ID": "heic0910e", "Type": "Observation", "Facility": ["Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", null, null], "Instrument": ["WFC3", "WFC3", "WFC3", null, null], "Spectral.ColorAssignment": ["Blue", "Green", "Red", null, null], "Spectral.Band": ["Optical", "Optical", "Optical", null, null], "Spectral.Bandpass": ["OIII", "H-alpha", "SII", "", ""], "Spectral.CentralWavelength": ["502", "656", "673", "", ""], "Temporal.StartTime": [null, null, null, null, null], "Temporal.IntegrationTime": ["", "", "", "", ""], "DatasetID": ["", "", "", "", ""], "Spectral.Notes": "b''", 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The gravitational lens produced by the massive galaxy cluster in the foreground (the yellow mostly elliptical galaxies scattered across the image) bends the light rays in a way that can stretch the images and so amplify the brightness of the light rays from more distant galaxies. In the process it distorts their shapes and produces multiple banana-shaped images of the original galaxies. The result is the stunning image seen here - a view deeper into the Universe than possible with current technology alone. Abell 1703 is located at 3 billion light-years from the Earth (redshift 0.26).'", "Subject.Category": ["D.5.5.3"], "Subject.Name": ["Abell 1703"], "Distance": [null, "0.260"], "Distance.Notes": "b''", "ReferenceURL": "https://esahubble.org/images/heic0814b/", "Credit": "b'NASA, ESA, and Johan Richard (Caltech, USA)Acknowledgement: Davide de Martin & James Long (ESA/Hubble)'", "Date": "2008-07-24T17:00:00", "ID": "heic0814b", "Type": "Observation", "Facility": ["Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Hubble Space Telescope"], "Instrument": [null, null, null, null], "Spectral.ColorAssignment": ["Blue", "Green", "Red", "Red"], "Spectral.Band": ["Optical", "Optical", "Optical", "Infrared"], "Spectral.Bandpass": ["B", "", "R", "I"], "Spectral.CentralWavelength": ["", "", "", ""], "Temporal.StartTime": [null, null, null, null], "Temporal.IntegrationTime": ["", "", "", ""], "DatasetID": ["", "", "", ""], "Spectral.Notes": "b''", 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Institute, 3700 San Martin Dr'", "Contact.City": "b'Baltimore'", "Contact.StateProvince": "b'MD'", "Contact.PostalCode": "b'21218'", "Contact.Country": "b'United States'", "Rights": "b'Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License'", "Title": "b'A Waterfall of Stars'", "Headline": "b''", "Description": "b'The galaxy UGCA 193, seen here by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, is a galaxy in the constellation of Sextans (The Sextant). Looking rather like a waterfall, UGCA 193 appears to host many young stars, especially in its lower portion, creating a striking blue haze and the sense that the stars are falling from \\xe2\\x80\\x9cabove\\xe2\\x80\\x9d. The blue colour of UGCA 193 indicates the stars that we see are hot \\xe2\\x80\\x94\\xc2\\xa0 some with temperatures exceeding 6 times that of our Sun. We know that cooler stars appear to our eyes more red, and hotter stars appear more blue. As the mass and surface temperature of a star, and therefore its colour, are linked, heavier stars are able to \\xe2\\x80\\x9cburn\\xe2\\x80\\x9d at higher temperatures resulting in a blue glow from their surface.'", "Subject.Category": ["C.5.1.1"], "Subject.Name": ["UGCA 193"], "Distance": [null, "0.002"], "Distance.Notes": "b'NED'", "ReferenceURL": "https://esahubble.org/images/potw2044a/", "Credit": "b'ESA/Hubble & NASA, R. 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"Contact.PostalCode": "b'21218'", "Contact.Country": "b'United States'", "Rights": "b'Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License'", "Title": "b'Open Arms'", "Headline": "b''", "Description": "b'The spiral galaxy NGC 2008 sits centre stage, its ghostly spiral arms spreading out towards us, in this image captured by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope.\\xc2\\xa0 This galaxy is located about 425 million light-years from Earth in the constellation of Pictor (The Painter\\xe2\\x80\\x99s Easel). Discovered in 1834 by astronomer John Herschel, NGC 2008 is categorised as a type Sc galaxy in the Hubble sequence, a system used to describe and classify the various morphologies of galaxies. The \\xe2\\x80\\x9cS\\xe2\\x80\\x9d indicates that NGC 2008 is a spiral, while the \\xe2\\x80\\x9cc\\xe2\\x80\\x9d means it has a relatively small central bulge and more open spiral arms. Spiral galaxies with larger central bulges tend to have more tightly wrapped arms, and are classified as Sa galaxies, while those in between are classified as type Sb. Spiral galaxies are ubiquitous across the cosmos, comprising over 70% of all observed galaxies \\xe2\\x80\\x94 including our own, the Milky Way. However, their ubiquity does not detract from their beauty. These grand, spiralling collections of billions of stars are among the most wondrous sights that have been captured by telescopes such as Hubble, and are firmly embedded in astronomical iconography.\\xc2\\xa0'", "Subject.Category": ["C.5.1.1"], "Subject.Name": ["NGC 2008"], "Distance": ["425000000.0", null], "Distance.Notes": "b''", "ReferenceURL": "https://esahubble.org/images/potw2006a/", "Credit": "b'ESA/Hubble & NASA, A. 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Sometimes, the telescope gazes at a galaxy oriented sideways \\xe2\\x80\\x94 as shown here. The spiral galaxy featured in this Picture of the Week is called NGC 3717, and it is located about 60 million light-years away in the constellation of Hydra (The Sea Serpent).\\xc2\\xa0 Seeing a spiral almost in profile, as Hubble has here, can provide a vivid sense of its three-dimensional shape. Through most of their expanse, spiral galaxies are shaped like a thin pancake. At their cores, though, they have bright, spherical, star-filled bulges that extend above and below this disc, giving these galaxies a shape somewhat like that of a flying saucer when they are seen edgeon. NGC 3717 is not captured perfectly edge-on in this image; the nearer part of the galaxy is tilted ever so slightly down, and the far side tilted up. This angle affords a view across the disc and the central bulge (of which only one side is visible).\\xc2\\xa0'", "Subject.Category": ["C.5.1.1"], "Subject.Name": ["NGC 3717"], "Distance": ["60000000.0", null], "Distance.Notes": "b''", "ReferenceURL": "https://esahubble.org/images/potw1940a/", "Credit": "b'ESA/Hubble & NASA, D. 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"MediaType": "Image", "URL": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/potwmedium/potw1940a.jpg", "FileSize": 7880, "Dimensions": [220.0, 140.0], "ProjectionType": "Observation"}, {"ResourceType": "Icon", "MediaType": "Image", "URL": "https://esahubble.org/media/archives/images/newsmini/potw1940a.jpg", "FileSize": 4642, "Dimensions": [60.0, 56], "ProjectionType": "Observation"}]}, {"Creator": "ESA/Hubble", "CreatorURL": "https://esahubble.org", "Contact.Address": "b'ESA Office, Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Dr'", "Contact.City": "b'Baltimore'", "Contact.StateProvince": "b'MD'", "Contact.PostalCode": "b'21218'", "Contact.Country": "b'United States'", "Rights": "b'Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License'", "Title": "b'Spiral, elliptical, irregular'", "Headline": "b''", "Description": "b\"This image shows an irregular galaxy named IC 10, a member of the Local Group \\xe2\\x80\\x94 a collectiongrouping of over 50 galaxies inwithin our cosmic neighbourhood that includes the Milky Way. IC 10 is a remarkable object. It is the closest-known starburst galaxy to us, meaning that it is undergoing a furious bout of star formation fueled by ample supplies of cool hydrogen gas. This gas condenses into vast molecular clouds, which then form into dense knots where pressures and temperatures reach a point sufficient to ignite nuclear fusion, thus giving rise to new generations of stars. \\xc2\\xa0 As an irregular galaxy, IC 10 lacks the majestic shape of spiral galaxies such as the Milky Way, or the rounded, ethereal appearance of elliptical galaxies. It is a faint object, despite its relative proximity to us \\xe2\\x80\\x94 justof 2.2 million light-years. In fact, IC 10 only became known to humankind in 1887, when American astronomer Lewis Swift spotted it during an observing campaign. The small galaxy remains difficult to study even today, because it is located along a line-of-sight which is chock-full of cosmic dust and stars. A version of this image was entered into the Hubble's Hidden Treasures image processing competition by contestant Nikolaus Sulzenauer, and went on to win tenth prize.\"", "Subject.Category": ["C.5.1.6"], "Subject.Name": ["IC 10"], "Distance": ["2200000.0", null], "Distance.Notes": "b''", "ReferenceURL": "https://esahubble.org/images/potw1924a/", "Credit": "b'NASA, ESA and F. 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